c 

Ok4m  Jb 

ho.  6-  8 


St^^wn  on  or  before  the 
Latest  Date  stamped  below. 

LdteST  WO'c  r  reasons 

Theft,  mutilation,  ond  unde rtmm.  • «  ^|sinIttal  from 
for  disciplinary  action  and  may  result 
the  University.  333-8400 


L161— O-1096 


J 

\ 


wo.  6 


UNIVERSITY     OF     OKLAHOMA  BULLETIN 


NEW  SERIES  NO.  109.  UNIVERSITY  STUDIES  SERIES  NO.  6 


UNIVERSITY  OF  OKLAHOMA 
BULLETIN 


UNIVERSITY  STUDIES 


The  Second  Person  Singular  of  the  Latin  Future  In 
dicative  as  an  Imperative. 


J.  W.  STURGIS,  Ph.  D. 
Professor  of  Latin,  University  of  Oklahoma 
August  17,  1909 


Norman,  Oklahoma 
June  15,  1916 


University  of  Oklahoma  Bulletin,  published  by  the  university,  is 
issued  semi-monthly.  Entered  at  the  postoffice  at  Norman,  as  second 
class  matter,  under  act  of  congress  of  August  24,  1912. 


J 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS  L! 


THE  SECOND  PERSON  SINGULAR 
of  the 

LATIN  FUTURE  INDICATIVE 
an  as 
IMPERATIVE 

J.  W.  STURGIS,  AUGUST  17,  1909 


A  dissertation  submitted  in  partial  fulfillment  of  the  requirements 
for  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy  in  the 
University  of  Michigan 


Digitized  by 

the  Internet  \ 

Archive 

in  2013 

http://archive.org/details/secondpersonsingOOstur 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


Bibliography  ...   Page  5 

Introduction   "  7 

Purpose  of  the  investigation   "  7 

Methods      "  7 

Classification  of  Examples    "  7 

Previous  View  on  the  Question   "  10 

That  the  future  expresses  a  milder  command  "  10 
That  the  future  expresses  certainty  of  ful- 
fillment      "  13 

That  there  is  no  difference  in  meaning   "  14 

Resume   "  18 

Evidence  from  later  Latin   "  19 

The  Future  as  an  Imperative  in  the  Romance 

Languages   44  21 

Examples   "  23 

Those  with  a  condition  expressed  or  im- 
plied   44  23 

Sentences  in  which  the  futurity  of  the  act  is 
made  apparent  either  by  some  ex- 
pression of  time  or  by  the  situation.  44  25 
Sentences  in  which  the  act  is  to  be  per- 
formed for  certain  reasons   44  4  9 

The  act  takes  place  in  situations  where 
there  is  to  be  observed  an  arrange- 
ment of  some  kind   "  49 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
Latin  Texts  Consulted. 


C.  I.  L. 

Mommsen  and  others 

'63 

Apuleius 

J.  van  der  Vliet 

'97 

Aulus  Gellius 

Hertz 

'83 

Avienus 

Breysig 

'82 

Biblia  Sacra  Ytilgata 

Loch 

'72 

Carmina  Latina  Epi 

graphica 

Buechcler 

'95 

Cato 

Keil 

'82-581 

Catullus 

Schwabe 

'86 

Calpnrnius  Siculus  Poet.  Min.  Lat. 

,  Baehrcns 

'80 

Celsus 

Darembarg 

'59 

Cicero 

Baiter  et  Kayser 

'67 

Columella 

De  Arbr 

Lundstroem 

'02 

De  Agr 

Schneider 

1794 

Corpus  Scriptorum  Eccles.  Lat. 

'65-'08 

Curtius  Rufus 

Daemste 

'97 

Fronto 

Naber 

'67 

Historiae  Angustae 

Peter 

'84 

Horace 

Odes 

Keller 

'09 

Other  works 

Hertz 

'92 

Juvenal 

Buechcler 

'93 

Livy 

Weissenborn-Mueller 

'97 

Lucan 

Ho  sitis 

'92 

Lucilius 

Marx 

'04 

Manilius 

Jacob 

'46 

Martial 

Lindsay 

'02 

Ovid 

Merkel 

'81 

Petronius 

Buechcler 

'90 

Persius 

Buechcler 

'93 

Phaedrus 

Mueller 

'90 

Plautus 

Goetz-Schoell 

'98 

Pliny  the  Younger 

Keil 

'81 

Propertius 

Baehrens 

'80 

Quintilian 

Decl. 

Ritter 

'84 

Inst.  Or. 

Meister 

'87 

Seneca  the  Younger 

Epist. 

Hense  and  Hose 

'95 

6 


The  University  of  Oklahoma 


Other  Prose  Haase  74-78 

Silius  Italicus                                  Bauer  '90 

Statius                       Silvae           Klotz  1900 

Thebais       Kohlman  '84 

Suetonius                                       Roth  '75 

Terence                                          Umphenbach  70 

Tibullus                                          Hiller  '85 
Res  Rusticae  Keil  '82-91 

Varro                        Sat.  Menipp.   Buecheler  '82 

~De.  Ling.  Lat.Spengel  '85 

Vergil                                             Ribbeck  '95 

Velerius                                          Ellis  '98 

Valerius  Maximus                           Kempf  '83 

Valerius  Flaccus                             Baehrens  75 

Vitruvius                                         Rose  '99 

Secondary  Sources. 

Blase  Historische  Syntax  Leipsic  '03 
Ebeling,  De  imperativi  usu  Hora- 

tiano,  Progr.                                Wernigerode  70 

Guthmann  Nuremborg  '91 
Kuehner  Ausfuehrliche  Grammatik 

der  Lat.  Sprache,  Hanover  78 
Lattman  and  Mueller,  Lateinsche 

Grammatik  Goettingen  72 
Rieman,  Gram.  Comparee  du  Grec 

et  du  Latin  (Syntax)                   Paris  '97 

Madvig,  Latin  Grammar                 Boston  '80 


THE  SECOND  PERSON  SINGULAR  OF  THE  LATIN 
FUTURE  INDICATIVE  AS  AN  IMPERATIVE. 


The  purpose  of  this  investigation  is  to  determine,  so  far  as 
possible,  the  thought  and  feeling  present  in  the  mind  of  the 
writer  when  the  future  indicative  is  used  as  an  imperative. 

The  examples,  numbering  817,  have  been  taken  from  all  the 
remains  of  the  Latin  language  down  to  the  early  part  of  the 
second  century  A.  D.  A  list  of  the  authors  consulted,  together 
with  the  texts  used,  may  be  found  in  the  bibliography,  page  5. 
Many  examples  are  also  given  which  have  been  taken  from  the 
later  Latin  writers;  but  no  attempt  has  been  made  to  make  this 
part  of  the  collection  complete.  Tt  will  be  seen  that  a  va^t 
amount  of  ground  has  been  covered  and  it  would  be  difficult  to 
say  how  complete  the  collection  is.  In  the  majority  of  cases 
the  work  of  examining  was  done  but  once,  and  probably  some 
examples  have  been  overlooked. 

The  examples  have  been  grouped  in  two  general  divisions: 
(1),  those  in  which  the  act  is  to  be  performed  under  some  par- 
ticular circumstances;  e.  g.  the  time,  reason,  or  condition  of  its 
occurrence  is  stated:  (2),  those  found  in  situations  where  an 
arrangement  of  some  kind  is  clearly  indicated,  e.  g.,  an  assign- 
ment of  tasks  to  different  individuals,  agreements  between  two 
or  more  parties  (treaties),  a  plan  of  action  in  which  different 
individuals  are  interested,  or  laws  which  arc  in  the  nature  of  a 
covenant  between  the  law  observer  and  the  law  giver. 

In  making  this  collection  no  attempt  has  been  made  to  draw 
any  close  distinctions  between  the  various  shades  of  imperative 
meaning  (or  meaning  closely  akin  to  it)  expressed  by  the  future 
indicative.  Any  future  indicative  of  the  second  person,  whether 
expressing  a  peremptory  command,  a  desire  that  the  act  be  per- 
formed, an  entreaty,  an  exhortation,  or  direction,  has  been  in- 
cluded in  the  number  of  examples.  On  the  contrary,  certain 
sentences  have  been  omitted  in  which  one  of  these  thoughts  is 
only  implied,  not  directly  expressed,  c.  g.,  such  sentences  as 
"Mihi  pergratum  feceris,  si,"  (Cic.  De  Sen.  2  (6)  ).  Omitted 
also  are  sentences  expressing  the  determination  on  the  part  of 
the  speaker  that  the  one  addressed  shall  do  or  suffer  something, 


s 


The  University  of  Oklahoma 


e.  g.,  "Scies"  for  "ausculto  ....  scies"  (Cf.  Plautus  Epid.  27  and 
Asin.  350).  The  "scies"  here  and  in  many  similar  passages  is 
used  in  situation  where  in  English  we  should  say  either  "listen" 
or  "I  will  tell  you."  A  similar  future  is  found  in  "Poenas  dabis;' 
(Phiny  Epist.  1,  15,  3).  Again  it  has  not  been  thought  necessary 
to  include  questions  which  are  intended  to  urge  someone  to  act 
in  a  given  manner.  It  is  possible  however  that  such  expres- 
sions as  "scies"  and  "poenas  dabis"  may  have  led  to  futures  such 
as  are  found  in  example  732,  "Priamo  narrabis  Achillem." 

On  page  23  will  be  found  the  examples  grouped  in  two  gen- 
eral divisions  according  to  the  statement  on  page  7.  Each  o*' 
these  general  divisions  has  been  still  further  subdivided,  each 
subdivision  having  its  description  immediately  preceding  the 
examples. 

An  examination  of  the  examples  will  reveal  the  fact  that 
there  were  certain  situations  in  which  the  future  indicative,  even 
as  a  declarative  statement,  would  have  associated  with  it  an  im- 
perative force.  Consider,  for  example,  such  statements  as 
"Fugies  si  me  audies"  (Varro,  Men.  Sat.  84,  2)  and  "Tu  tabellas 
consignato,  hie  mihi  ministrabit  dum  ego  edam"  (PI.  Cure.  369). 
Either  one  of  these  sentences  so  far  as  its  form  is  concernecT 
might  not  be  anything  more  than  a  declarative  statement.  They 
have  an  imperative  force  only  because  of  the  general  situation 
in  which  they  are  found.  Such  statements  might  with  some  de- 
gree of  propriety  be  called  embryo-future-indicative-imperatives. 
Tn  the  following  sentences  observe  how  the  probability  for  the 
presence  of  an  imperative  force  gradually  becomes  stronger  and 
stronger: 

(a)  "Dices  hoc  idem  Varrioni  si  forte  mutavit."  Cic.  Ad. 
Att.  13,  21,  3,  108. 

(b)  "Si  sapis,  reddes."    PI.  Aul.  402,  10. 

(c)  "Si  sapies,  tacebis."    PI.  Rud.  1391,  13. 

(d)  "Fugies,  si  me  audies."    Varro  Men.  Sat.  514,  18. 

(e)  "Valebis  hospes."  Carm.  Lat.  Epig.  Buecheler  63,  7,  723 
Or 

"Trascor  tibi,  gryppa,  sed  valebis."    Statius  Sil.  4,  9,  53,  380. 

Tn  (a)  one  must  carefully  examine  the  context  in  order  to 
ascertain  whether  the  future  has  an  imperative  force.  Tn  (b) 
the  chances  for  an  imperative  thought  have  been  increased  by 
a  change  of  meaning  in  the  verb  in  the  protasis.  Tn  (c)  those 
chances  have  been  still  further  increased  by  a  change  from  the 


University  of  Oklahoma 


9 


present  to  the  future  tense  in  the  verb  found  in  the  protasis. 
The  future  indicates  that  some  particular  action  is  desired. 
Again  in  (d)  the  change  in  meaning  of  the  verb  in  the  protasis 
(together  with  the  presence  of  the  pronoun  me)  adds  to  our 
certainty,  while  in  (e)  there  can  be  little  doubt  as  to  the  pres- 
ence of  an  imperative  force  in  the  future,  even  if  we  do  not 
examine  the  context  surrounding  the  statement. 

If  any  one  of  these  types  came  to  be  used  sufficiently  often 
under  circumstances  where  the  imperative  thought  was  demand- 
ed it  would  become  associated  with  the  imperative  thought  even 
in  the  absence  of  a  determining  context. 

This  theory  as  to  the  genesis  of  this  particular  construction 
has  two  advantages.  In  the  first  place  it  accounts  for  the 
limited  use  of  the  future  as  an  imperative.  For  its  use  would 
be  confined  to  certain  situations  in  which  the  imperative  vvas 
semi  declarative,  or  we  may  say  to  those  situations  in  which  the 
imperative  meaning  was  conveyed  more  by  the  general  context 
than  by  the  verb  form  itself. 

In  writings  in  which  the  future  is  freely  useel  for  the  im- 
perative it  often  happens  that  the  verb  is  not  expressed  at  all. 
From  this  we  might  infer  that  the  future  form  contributes 
something  less  than  the  imperative  form.  The  writer  knows 
that  the  reaelcr  has  the  thought.  The  general  context  supplies 
that,  and  since  there  is  no  feeling  to  be  expressed  there  is  no 
need  of  the  verbal  form.  So  that  here  we  might  say  that  we 
have  in  syntax  something  roughly  analogous  to  ablaut  in  morph- 
ology— the  strong  form  being  represented  by  the  imperative 
conveying  both  thought  and  feeling,  the  future  conveying 
thought  alone,  while  in  the  absence  of  the  verb,  the  context  sup- 
plies everything. 

See  M.  Ceti  Favcntini  Libr.  de  Arch.  (Vitr.)  308  "Sed 
cyprium  adiustum  (addes).  (There  is  no  manuscript  authority 
for  "addes"  but  it  must  be  supplied  to  complete  the  thought). 

Also  Cic.  Ad.  Att.  15,  29,  1.  De  Planco  ....  sane  velin  .  .  .  . 
De  Mundo,  si  quid  scics. 

Also  Cic.  Ad.  Att.  13,  27,  2. 

Moreover  when  we  come  to  inquire  into  the  meaning  con- 
veyed by  the  future  indicative  as  an  imperative  we  shall  find 
that  this  explanation  of  the  genesis  of  the  construction  also 
serves  a  purpose  there.  For  if  the  construction  developed  in 
sentences  of  a  declarative  nature  the  function  of  expressing  a 
peremptory  command  would  be  the  last  one  for  it  to  acquire. 


7  0 


The  University  of  Oklahoma 


It  now  remains  therefore  to  see  how  far  this  encroachment, 
of  the  future  form  on  the  imperative  proceeded  and  to  discover 
how  completely  the  two  constructions  came  to  express  the 
same  meanings. 

The  previous  views  that  have  been  held  as  to  the  meaning  of 
the  future  when  used  as  an  imperative  are  three, 

(1)  It  is  a  mild  form  of  the  imperative. 
See  Rieman's  Comp.  Gram.  p.  304  (sec.  293). 

Neumann,  De  Futuri  In  Priscorum  Latinorum  Vulga.ri  Vel 
Cotidiano  Sermone  Vi  Et  Usu.  (He  says  that  in  comparison 
with  the  subjunctive  which  naturally  expresses  desire  the  future 
implies  a  greater  certainty  of  fulfillment,  in  comparison  with 
the  imperative  the  future  expresses  a  milder  (urbanus  vel 
modestus)  command). 

(2)  It  implies  certainty  of  fulfillment  or  expectation  of  ful- 
fillment in  the  mind  of  the  one  giving  the  command. 

See  Kuhner's  Grammar  2.  1  p.  Ill  (364). 
Madvig's  Lat.  Gram.  384  Obs. 
Lattman  and  Mueller  Lat.  Gram.  101  note  4. 
Schmalz  Lat.  Gram.  Sec.  203. 

Neumann  (Sec  reference  under  (1)  and  remark). 

(3)  There  is  no  difference  in  the  meaning  conveyed  by  the 
two  instructions. 

See  Ebling  de  impcrativi  usu  Horatiano  p.  14. 

Blase  Historische  Syntax  Vol.  3,  Hft.  1  p.  116  (who  follows 
the  view  expressed  by  Ebling  and  cites  a  large  number  of  ex- 
amples from  different  periods). 

The  first  of  these  views,  if  unqualified,  would  lead  one  to  sup- 
pose that  a  writer  would  use  the  future  in  preference  to  the  im- 
perative in  order  to  relieve  the  imperative  thought  of  its  harsh- 
ness. Tf  the  indicative  expresses  a  milder  command  we  should 
at  least  expect  to  find  this  form  in  situations  requiring  a  soften- 
ed form  of  the  command,  with  a  certain  degree  of  uniformity. 
Not  only  that;  but  a  single  instance  of  its  being  used  where  a 
harsh  form  of  the  command  was  needed,  would  either  mean 
that  the  text  should  be  revised  or  that  the  future  did  not  neces- 
sarily modify  the  harshness  of  a  command. 

An  examination  of  the  passages  cited  on  the  following  page 
makes  it  rather  clear  that  the  future  was  sometimes  used  where 
the  situation  required  a  harsh  command. 

As  to  the  uniformity  of  its  use  it  may  be  said  that  all  the 
writings  on  agriculture,  medicine  and  architecture  in  which  di- 


University  of  Oklahoma 


rections  are  given,  employ  the  imperative,  the  future  indicative, 
the  peraphrastic  and  such  expressions  as  "oportet"  and  "debet*' 
side  by  side.  We  cannot  say  that  the  situation  changes  in  such 
writings  so  as  to  justify  the  different  constructions.  The  situa- 
tion remains  the  same  throughout  so  far  as  concerns  the  need 
for  a  harsh  or  a  mild  command. 

Not  only  is  this  true  but  an  examination  of  any  considerable 
number  of  the  other  passages  will  fail  to  show  in  the  large  ma- 
jority of  cases  any  situation  requiring  less  harshness  than  that 
expressed  by  the  imperative  itself. 

Consider  first  Vergil  Aen.  9.  742  Ex.  732;  2-547  Ex.  756,  i, 
689,  Ex.  733;  Valericus  Flaccus  Argon  4,  314,  Ex.  737;  Silius 
Italicus  Punica  1,  398,  Ex.  738;  Juvenal  8,  37,  Ex.  760.  See  also 
Ter.  And.  205,  Ex.  729  and  Ex.  2-9. 

The  situation  in  the  first  five   citations  is  practically  the 
same.    The  warrior  stands  before  his  helpless  foe  and  bids  him 
give  a  message  to  the  "wandering  shades."    In  such  cases  it 
impossible  to  think  that  the  speaker  wished  to  make  the  com- 
mand less  harsh.    (On  Val.  Flac.  4,  314  noscere,  Langen  says 

"acerbe  dictum)  "    His  attitude  of  mind  remains  the 

same  toward  the  foe  before  him.  Such  passages,  if  they  were 
the  only  ones,  would  augur  well  for  the  certainty  of  fulfillmeni 
theory.  (And  yet  even  here  the  imperatives  undoubtedly  ex- 
press greater  certainty  than  the  futures).  It  is  not  only  quite 
possible,  however,  that  this  idea  is  prominently  before  the  mind 
of  the  speaker;  but  the  idea  of  a  change  in  time  and  field  of  ac- 
tion is  also  an  important  one  in  deciding  the  particular  form  to 
be  used.  In  one  Ex.  755  notice  the  position  of  "referes"  and 
"nunc."  This  situation  is  found  in  several  other  passages  where 
the  "nunc"  shows  that  the  change  of  time  is  forcibly  felt.  Cf. 
examples  under  A  2  (E)  p.  67. 

In  his  eighth  satire  Juvenal  fiercely  assails  those  who  had 
noble  ancestry  but  were  not  living  worthily  of  them.  There 
is  no  need  for  a  mild  command  here  and  earlier  in  the  poem 
(lines  21  and  22)  in  a  situation  which  is  the  same  (so  far  as  call- 
ing for  a  mild  or  harsh  imperative  is  concerned)  the  impera- 
tives "esto"  and  "pone"  are  used.  The  reason  for  the  use  of 
the  future  lies  rather  in  the  presence  of  "ergo."  The  situation 
is  such  that  the  action  expressed  by  the  future  is  felt  to  be  the 
natural  course  to  pursue  after  having  listened  to  the  previous 
reasoning.    See  examples  under  A.  3  p.  49. 

In  the  citation  from  Terence,  And.  205,  we  have  very  clear 


University  of  Oklahoma 


evidence  that  the  future  does  not  necessarily  express  a  milder 
command.  The  command  is  addressed  to  the  same  individual 
and  there  is  no  chance  for  a  change  of  feeling  on  the  part  of 
the  speaker.  The  reason  for  a  change  here  is  clearly  that  of 
time.  The  speaker  goes  forward  in  his  thoughts  to  a  scene 
which  will  occur  later  in  the  day. 

In  those  citations  (examples  2-9)  where  the  expression  "si 
sapis"  occurs,  the  future  would  seem  to  carry  with  it  a  threat 
sometimes.  This  would  make  it  a  very  harsh  form  of  com- 
mand, something  like  our  "If  you  know  when  you  are  well  off, 
you  will  keep  your  hands  off  me." 

If  the  future  expressed  a  milder  form  of  the  imperative  we 
should  probably  find  such  expression  as  a  "facies  amabo"  as  an 
equivalent  for  "fac  amabo"  Ter.  Enn.  534.  Such  expressions  as 
"si  tibi  videbitur"  and  "si  me  amas"  p.  26,  stating,  as  they  do,  a 
condition  or  situation,  do  not  serve  the  same  purpose  as 
"amabo"'  which  is  merely  a  coaxing  locution. 

Finally  if  there  is  this  difference  in  meaning  we  should  noi: 
expect  to  find  a  speaker  of  superior  rank  using  it  when  address- 
ing an  inferior.  For  example,  you  would  not  expect  the 
emperor  ("tyrannus")  of  Rome  to  use  it  in  ordering  an  abject 
subject  to  "offer  incense  to  Jove."  See  example  671.  Here  the 
future  cannot  possibly  be  explained  as  a  milder  form  of  the  im- 
perative. It  may  however  easily  be  accoutned  for  by  sayin« 
that  the  emperor  thought  it  sufficient  to  inform  the  subject,  as 
to  the  course  he  wished  him  to  follow.  Again  it  seems  quite 
probable  that  it  was  customary  for  a  master  to  use  the  future 
indicative  in  asking  someone  to  look  after  things  at  home  dur- 
ing his  absence.  See  example  456.  Varro's  language  seems  to 
imply  that  the  expression  "tu  videbis"  was  the  ordinary  way  of 
giving  the  command,  and  even  if  we  assume  that  the  person  thus 
enjoined  may  have  been  (sometimes)  the  lady  of  the  house, 
there  would  still  be  no  need  for  a  softened  expression  as  the 
ordinary  way  of  expressing  the  command.  The  fact  that  the 
master  would  be  away  however  (looking  into  the  future  of  the 
day  before  him)  may  easily  explain  the  choice  of  expression. 

(See  also  Ex.  3,  24,  25,  54,  357,  515,  516.) 

In  examples  24  and  25  we  exhibit  a  situation  which  is  clearly 
unfavorable  to  the  mild  form  of  a  command.  The  future  ther^ 
used  is  to  be  accounted  for  by  the  declarative  nature  of  the 
command  as  shown  by  the  presence  of  the  conditional  clause. 

Examples  54  and  357  have  in  them  futures  which  are  hypo- 


University  of  Oklahoma 


13 


thetical.  Compare  these  two  examples  with  Cic.  T.  D.  1,  L3 
(30)  "tolle  hane  opinionem,  luctum  sustuleris."  The  only  func- 
tion  of  the  verb  in  either  case  is  to  assume  a  supposed  condi- 
tion from  which  a  certain  result  will  naturally  follow.  This  forrjj 
of  expression  is  extremely  common  in  Russian,  the  imperative 
frequently  serving  as  a  protasis  of  a  conditional  sentence.  Had 
the  future  the  special  function  of  making  the  command  less 
harsh  it  could  not  well  have  been  used  in  such  instances  with 
any  degree  of  propriety. 

Examples  515  and  516  show  futures  where  again  there  could 
not  possibly  have  been  any  cause  for  a  change  in  the  degree  of 
harshness  of  command.  But  the  perfect  participles  "emissam" 
and  "dissipatam"  changing  the  time  to  one  relatively  future 
easily  account  for  the  change. 

The  following  passages  make  it  fairly  clear  that  certainty  of 
fulfillment  could  not  have  been  present  in  the  mind  of  the 
writer,  at  least  in  these  particular  instances. 

Cic.  Ad.  Att.  16,  16,  18  Ex.  292a  (Letter  to  Capito  enclosed 
to  Att.);  Ad.  Att.  13,  19,  5,  Ex.  268. 

Statius  4,  9,  53;  Ex.  380;  Livy  37,  45,  14  Ex.  783. 

The  first  two  passages  cited  call  for  little  comment.  In  both 
of  them  the  writer  uses  the  expression  "etiam  atque  etiam" 
which  makes  it  as  clear  as  could  be  wished  that  the  idea  of  cer- 
tainty of  fulfillment  could  not  have  been  present. 

In  the  passage  from  Statius  we  have  these  words  'Trascor 
tibi,  Gryppe,  sed  valebis."  The  meaning  here  is  very  clearly 
"I  am  angry  with  you  G.  but  may  you  fare  well."  If  we  bring 
in  the  idea  of  certainty  of  fulfillment  the  sense  is  completely 
changed,  and  we  have  no  imperative  force  in  the  future  at  all. 

Finally  in  Livy  37,  45,  14,  the  future  is  doubtless  typical  of 
many  such  futures,  had  they  only  been  preserved  for  us.  It  is 
immediately  followed  by  imperatives;  and  is  found  in  such  a 
situation  as  to  make  certainty  of  fulfillment  not  only  very  im- 
probable but  almost  impossible.  For  the  discussion  in  connec- 
tion with  a  similar  passage  see  page  20. 

If  the  future  expressed  greater  certainty  of  fulfillment,  it 
would  be  rather  difficult  to  explain  the  frequency  with  which  it 
is  used  in  letters  and  works  setting  forth  general  directions.  As 
has  already  been  pointed  out  in  giving  general  directions,  the 
future  is  used  side  by  side  with  the  imperative.  The  situation 
cannot  be  said  to  change  so  as  to  require  now  a  harsh  and  now 
a  mild  command. 


The  University  of  Oklahoma 


The  most  that  can  be  said  in  favor  of  the  certainty  of  fulfill- 
ment idea  is  that  whenever  this  thought  is  present  in  a  greater 
or  less  degree  the  writer  was  influenced  in  suchcases  to  use  the 
future.  But  there  were  also  other  influences  equally  strong  and 
entirely  independent  of  this  one.  See  example  on  pages  47,  50, 
Ex.  undr  A.  3. 

The  following  passages  are  cited  to  show,  so  far  as  it  is  pos- 
sible, the  equivalence  in  meaning  of  the  two  forms: 
Lucilius  9,  12,  (6).    Examples  465,  471. 
Cato  p.  __.    Example  464. 
Columella  3,  2  De  Arb.    Example  615-)-. 
Manilius  3,  485.    Examples  571,  575. 
Seneca  2,  6  De  Form  Hon.  Vit.  Example  596. 
M.  C.  Faventinus  289  (Vitr).    Example  518-f. 
Terence  And.  205.      Example  729. 
Plautus  Cure.  369.    Example  763a. 
Varro  7,  12.    Example  456. 

Horace  Odes  2,  10,  21  and  3,  17,  13.  Examples  54  and  730. 
Epis.  1,  7,  70.    Example  356. 

Virgil  Aen.  2,  148;  2,  547,  8,  62.  Examples  807,  755,  731. 

Ovid  Ars.  Am.  1,  503,  500;  2,  297,  46;  1,  576,  500;  Tristia  3,  7, 
1,  to  11.    Example  512. 

Livy  7,  35,  2.  Example  722;  9,  9,  1,  example  734;  37,  45,  14, 
example  783. 

Rufus  7,  2,  15,  example  613;  7,  11,  11,  example  715a;  8,  14,  15, 
example  766. 

Martial  4,  77,  1-11.  Example  745. 

Tn  connection  with  the  passages  from  Lucilius,  Cato,  Colu- 
mella, Manilius,  Seneca  and  Faventinus,  it  is  sufficient  to  say 
that  these  are  general  directions  given  under  circumstances 
such  that  the  idea  of  certainty  of  fulfillment  cannot  be  present 
or  at  least  need  not  be  thought  of  to  give  complete  sense.  In 
all  of  them  observe  the  easy  change  from  the  future  to  the  im- 
perative.   The  situation  remains  the  same. 

Tn  the  passage  from  Terence  we  have  the  present  subjunc- 
tive coupled  with  the  future  indicative  which  in  turn  is  immedi- 
ately followed  by  the  imperative.  All  three  commands  are  given 
by  the  same  person,  to  the  same  person,  and  under  the  same 
circumstances. 

The  thought  present  in  the  mind  of  the  speaker  is  that  of 
anger  toward  his  slave — anger  that  is  still  further  increased  by 
the  thought  of  the  slave's  trickery.    No  one  of  the  three  verbs 


University  of  Oklahoma 


is  more  suggestive  of  the  master's  distrust  than  "dices"  and  for 
this  reason  it  seems  impossible  to  account  for  the  change  to  the 
future  by  saying  that  the  master  wished  to  make  this  command 
less  harsh.  So  far  as  certainty  of  fulfillment  is  concerned  com- 
pare these  two  translations:  "Do  not  act  rashly,"  and  "You 
(surely)  will  not  say  that  you  were  not  forewarned  of  this  Be- 
ware." Or  translate  "Do  not  act  rashly,  and  do  not  say  that  you 
were  not  forewarned  of  this.  Beware."  Translations  are  very 
likely  to  be  biased;  nevertheless  it  seems  quite  clear  in  this  case 
that  the  last  interpretation  is  the  more  correct.  There  is,  how- 
ever, a  noticeable  change  in  time.  The  "facias"  and  "cave" 
represent  action  or  state  to  begin  at  once,  while  "dices"  takes 
us  forward  to  another  scene  to  occur  later  inth  e  day. 

In  the  passage  from  Plautus,  Curculio,  the  parasite,  bids 
Phaedromus  seal  the  letters  and  then  orders  Palinurus,  slave 
of  Phaedromus  to  wait  on  himself  while  he  eats.  There 
seems  to  be  no  reason  here  why  the  speaker  should  address  a 
milder  command  to  Palinurus  (the  slave)  than  to  Phaedromus, 
the  friend.  The  very  contrary  would  be  expected.  So  far  as 
certainty  of  fulfillment  is  concerned  it  cannot  possibly  be  that 
there  was  a  greater  likelihood  of  one  command  being  obeyed 
than  of  the  other. 

The  indicative  is  used  here  because  it  must  do  double  duty, 
viz.  that  of  a  declarative  so  far  as  concerns  Phaedromus  and 
Curculio,  that  of  an  imperative  as  concerns  Curculio  and  the 
slave.  "Ministrabit"  carries  a  command  to  the  slave  no  less 
truly  than  does  "consignato"  to  Phaedromus. 

In  Varro  De  Ling.  Lat.  7,  12  occurs  a  statement  which  shows 
that  it  must  have  been  a  common  thing  tocharge  a  slave  with 
the  care  of  the  house  in  these  words:  "Tu  domi  videbis."  The 
important  word  to  notice  here  is  "tu,"  which  makes  it  quite 
probable  that  the  phrase  originated  under  some  such  situation 
as  we  had  in  the  previous  example.  To  bring  out  the  force  of 
the  "tu"  the  words  might  be  translated:  "Your  part  will  be  iu 
care  for  the  house."  Varro  compares  "tu  domi  videbis"  with 
the  "para,  cura,  vidi"  of  Plautus.  The  asyndeton  itself  sug- 
gests the  difference  in  the  two  situations,  viz.  the  relative 
amount  of  feeling  present.  The  "tu  domi  videbis"  form  of  the 
command  represents  an  arrangement.  There  is  no  need  here 
that  the  slave's  mind  be  energized.  He  needs  only  to  be  in- 
formed as  to  his  part  in  the  day's  work. 

Horace,  Epist.  1,  7,  70.    We  have  here  the  words  of  L. 


i6  University  of  Oklahoma 

Marcius  Philippus  to  a  client,  Volerius  Mena.  The  change  in 
construction  is  undoubtedly  due  to  the  change  in  time,  empha- 
sized by  "nunc,"  and  to  an  increase  in  the  amount  of  feeling- 
present.  Here  again  the  increased  amount  of  feeling  is  indicat- 
ed by  the  asyndeton  so  common  with  the  imperative,  but  never 
found  with  the  future  indicative.  The  client's  mind  needs  no 
energizing  for  the  one  command  because  he  has  already  given 
his  consent.  He  needs  only  to  be  informed  of  the  hour.  His 
mind  does  need  to  be  energized  in  the  other  instances  but 
not  informed. 

Of  the  two  selections  from  the  odes  the  first  one  has  an  im- 
perative followed  by  the  future.  The  time  of  both  verbs  is  fu- 
ture. In  this  instance  nothing  could  be  clearer  than  the  fact 
that  Horace,  with  his  knowledge  of  human  life  and  experience, 
knew  that  the  command  given  by  the  future  was  less  likely  to 
be  fulfilled  than  the  one  contained  in  the  imperative.  There  is, 
however,  a  difference  in  the  amount  of  feeling  present,  due  to 
the  contrast  between  "rebus  augustis"  and  "vento  minium 
secundo."  For  when  a  man  must  battle  with  adversity  his  will 
needs  arousing  and  this  is  just  what  the  function  peculiar  to  the 
imperative  is.  But  the  writer  could  also  be  influenced  to  change 
to  the  future  because  of  a  change  to  a  later  scene.  Both  verbs 
relate  to  the  future  but  the  future  expresses  action  subsequent 
to  that  of  the  imperative. 

In  Verg.  Aen.  2,  148  we  find  the  future  between  two  impera- 
tives. The  time  of  each  verb  is  present.  "Eris,"  however,  refers 
not  to  an  act  but  to  a  state  which  is  to  begin  at  once  and  ex- 
tend into  the  future.  The  vital  question  here  is,  what  verbs  are 
connected  by  the  enclitic  que?  It  seems  best  to  regard  "noster 
eris"  as  more  or  less  parenthetical  or  logically  subordinate  to 
"obliviscere."  In  that  case  the  enclitic  joins  the  regular  impera- 
tives. The  expression  "noster  eris"  was  doubtless  a  stereotyped 
form  with  which  deserters  were  received.  See  Livy  Frag.  61 
"Verba  sunt,  ut  habemus  in  Livio,  imperatoris  transfugam 
recipientis  " 

While  "eris"  is  generally  regarded  as  an  imperative  equival- 
ent to  "esto"  we  must  not  forget  that  it  carried  not  only  an  im- 
perative force  but  a  declarative  force  as  well.  In  this  instance 
it  is  very  clear  that  the  one  addressed  needed  no  energizing  of 
the  will.  To  Sinon  the  words  were  not  only  a  command;  they 
were  still  more  a  promise.  (See  Donatus  on  this  passage  who 
regards  it  as  a  promise  to  S.) 


Universi  j  of  Oklahoma 


17 


The  only  other  pertinent  passage  in  Vergil  that  has  not  al- 
ready been  under  discussion  is  Aen.  8,  62.  Here  the  time  is  al- 
ready a  cause  for  the  change  in  form,  and  the  situation  makes 
it  quite  clear  that  the  imperative  carries  with  it  a  greater  de- 
gree of  urgency.  The  paying  of  honors  to  the  gods  carries 
greater  obligation. 

In  Ovid's  Ars  Amatoria  1,  503  and  2,  297,  there  seems  to  be 
a  complete  breaking  down  of  all  difference  in  meaning.  Even 
in  the  urgency  of  the  command  there  seems  to  be  no  difference 
intended.  And  in  Ars  Amatoria  1,  57  we  find  not  only  the  im- 
perative and  future  indicative  but  also  the  present  subjunctive 
joined  without  the  least  apparent  distinction  in  the  force  con- 
veyed. 

In  Tristia  3,  7,  1-11,  also  1,  1,  1-19  the  expressions  "vade," 
"dices"  and  "die"  though  coming  in  different  sentences  show 
by  the  situation  that  the  forms  are  intended  to  convey  the  same 
force.  This  is  more  clearly  seen  in  comparing  "dices"  with 
"die."  The  "vade"  is  intended  to  give  a  certain  liveliness  to  the 
thought  and  the  real  verbal  idea  is  contained  in  "salutatum." 

Livy  7,  35,  2  shows  an  imperative  side  by  side  with  a  future 
indicative  where  there  can  be  little  if  any  difference  in  meaning, 
the  change  of  time  alone  serving  to  account  for  the  use  of  the 
two  different  forms. 

One  difficulty  in  the  way  of  knowing  whether  the  situation 
is  actly  the  same  in  these  comparisons  lies  in  the  fact  that  the 
very  change  of  meaning  in  the  two  verbs  brings  about  a  differ- 
ent situation,  or  at  least  a  possibility  of  some  difference.  In 
Livy  9,  9,  1,  however,  the  verb  in  the  imperative  is  the  same 
verb  that  is  in  the  future.  So  that  we  may  feel  very  certain 
that  the  time  is  the  only  possible  cause  for  change  in  construc- 
tion. The  two  other  passages  in  Livy,  as  they  add  nothing 
new,  and  as  they  have  already  been  under  discussion  elsewhere, 
need  not  detain  us  any  further  here. 

Rufus  has  three  passages  illustrating  quite  satisfactorily 
how  the  future  and  the  imperative  had  come  to  convey  the  same 
^rcaningJ  Tn,'  '7,  2,  16  we  again  have  practically  the  same  verb 
having  the  same  force  in  the  two  different  forms. 

Tn  this  passage  the  situation  (so  far  as  the  time  is  concern- 
ed) would  leave  one  to  look  for  a  future  in  the  place  of 
"exsequi."  Many  of  the  futures  are  found  in  just  such  situa- 
tions. See  examples  p.  67  A2  (e).  A  study  of  the  entire  situa- 
tion, however,  makes  it  very  clear  that  the  messenger  needed  a 


18  The  University  of  Oklahoma 

command  in  the  imperative  form.  His  mission  was  the  death 
of  Parmento,  a  friend.  He  was  journeying  under  sealed  orjdcrs. 
These  orders  would  be  hard  for  him  to  carry  out.  But  in 
"feres"  the  messenger  is  merely  informed  of  a  portion  of  his 
orders.  So  here  again  the  future  has  in  it  as  much  of  the  de- 
clarative as  of  the  imperative,  hence  the  choice  of  expression. 
The  thought  of  the  passage  then  is  something  as  follows: 
''Carry  letters  to  my  officers  .  .  .  There  is  need  of  quick  ac- 
tion  Carry  out  my  orders  as  you  find  them  written.  You 

will  see  that  I  have  enclosed  letters  for  Parmenio  also."  This 
last  sentence  gives  the  declarative  side  of  the  thought  only.  In 
7,  11,  11,  the  time  clause  and  also  the  division-of-labor  idea 
seemed  to  influence  his  choice  of  construction.  In  8,  14,  15, 
however,  we  find  the  imperative  coupled  directly  with  the  fu- 
ture. The  manuscript  reading  is  in  favor  of  "invehimini"  and 
there  is  no  reason  for  any  change.  (Damste,  however,  prefers 
invehemini  here).  The  usage  is  entirely  justified  by  the  prac- 
tice of  this  period  and  is  the  same  as  the  "vade  et  dices"  used 
by  Christian  writers  of  a  later  time. 

Thus  a  close  examination  of  all  these  instances  where  the 
future  has  an  imperative  force,  fails  to  show  that  there  is  neces- 
sarily any  difference  in  the  meaning,  other  than  that  of  making 
a  distinction  in  time  or  amount  of  feeling  present.  Vergil, 
Seneca,  Horace,  Ovid,  Livy,  Curtius,  Rufus,  and  Martial  use 
the  two  constructions  side  by  side  in  apparently  the  same  situa- 
tions. There  is  a  common  ground  covered  by  the  two  forms. 
But  there  is  not  a  single  instance  where  the  future  calls  for  im- 
mediate action  as  does  the  imperative,  and  again,  there  is  not 
a  single  instance  where  the  future  shows  any  signs  of  having 
conveyed  the  same  amount  of  feeling,  liveliness,  or  urgency  of 
command  as  does  the  imperative.  In  accordance  with  this  con- 
clusion we  should  never  expect  to  find  such  expression  as, 
"parabis,  curabis,  videbis"  for  "para,  cura,  vide"  (Ex.  456);  nor 
should  we  expect  to  find  developing  from  the  future  such  ex- 
pressions as  "age"  the  whole  function  of  which  seems  to  be 
that  of  enlivening  the  thought. 

A  person  may  be  moved  to  action  in  two  different  ways.  He 
may  be  given  a  peremptory  command,  in  which  case  the  influ- 
ence is  wholly  exterior  appealing  to  the  will  rather  than  to  the 
intellect.  The  word  from  the  one  giving  the  order  serves  as 
the  necessary  stimulus  to  the  will.  On  the  other  hand,  the  one 
giving  the  order  may  do  so  by  supplying  the  one  who  is  to  act 


Uniz'crsity  of  Oklahoma 


19 


with  certain  facts  or  information  which  will,  as  an  inner  motive, 
bring'  about  the  desired  course  of  action.  Now,  it  was  the  func- 
tion peculiar  to  the  imperative  to  energize  the  will.  It  was  the 
function  .of  the  future,  with  the  aid  of  the  context  primarily  to 
give  information  which  would,  as  an  inner  motive,  bring  about 
the  desired  course  of  action.  There  was  a  tendency  on  the  part 
of  the  imperative  to  take  upon  itself  the  function  of  giving  in- 
formation (declarative)  and  there  was  a  certain  tendency  in  the 
future  to  pass  entirely  out  of  the  declartive  stage.  Such  ex- 
pressions as  "valebis"  and  "ignosces"  illustrate  the  final  de- 
velopment of  the  future.  The  verb  in  the  following  citation 
shows  the  final  stage  in  the  imperative.  "Hoc.  quod  dictum  est 
accipite,  pro  accipietis  dicit."    C.  S.  E.  L.  83,  73. 

This  conclusion  to  which  we  have  come  after  a  study  of  the 
Latin  writers  down  to  the  second  century  A.  D.  is  fully  justified 
by  an  examination  of  the  Latin  that  was  written  later. 

In  the  translation  of  the  scriptures  from  the  Greek  and 
Hebrew  into  Latin  by  St.  Jerome  about  the  fourth  century 
A.  D.  there  is  to  be  observed  the  greatest  uniformity  in  the  use 
of  these  two  constructions.  The  imperative  is  invariably  used 
when  the  situation  demands  an  arousing  of  the  feelings,  and, 
on  the  other  hand,  the  Future  Indicative  is  used  where  the 
mind  is  only  to  be  informed  as  to  the  desirable  course  of  action. 

This  is  nowhere  seen  more  clearly  than  in  the  ten  command- 
ments. Such  expressions  as  ''Thou  shalt  love,"  "thou  shalt  not 
steal,"  etc.,  arc  in  the  future  indicative,  while  immediately  fol- 
lowing, an  exhortation  to  remember  the  law  is  in  the  impera- 
tive. And  throughout  the  scriptures  all  law  written  merely  to 
inform  the  mind,  and  directions  given  for  the  purpose  of  en- 
lightening the  mind  as  to  some  course  of  procedure  are  uni- 
formly in  the  future  indicative.  The  imperative  is  uniformly 
employed  in  exhortation,  in  entreaty,  prayers  and  in  peremp- 
tory commands. 

Tt  is  to  be  noted  that  the  imperative  had  more  of  a  tendency 
to  take  the  place  and  function  of  the  future  than  did  the  future 
that  of  the  imperative.  See  above.  But  nowhere  are  the  two 
constructions  used  with  such  care  as  in  the  Vulgate.  One  could 
go  through  the  scriptures  written  in  his  native  tongue  and  tell 
almost  for  a  certainty  whether  the  imperative  or  the  future  in- 
dicative would  be  used.  The  greatest  doubt  would  arise  it: 
those  situations  where  two  commands  are  given,  the  action  of 
the  second  of  which  is  clearly  subsequent  to  that  of  the  first. 


20 


JJniversitv  of  Oklahoma 


(See  statement  on  p.  21).  The  future  indicative  is  very  com- 
monly used  in  such  cases,  (it  invariably  comes  after  the  impera- 
tive, however),  if  there  are  some  words  coming  between  the 
two  verbs  which  point  out  a  change  in  scene  for  the  two  ac- 
tions.   See  examples  on  pages  47,  A2  (e). 

The  common  interpretation  for  the  future  in  the  Mosaic 
law  is  that  of  necessity  of  fulfillment;  "Thou  shalt"  in  the 
sense  of  "Thou  must."  (See  Janaris'  History  of  Greek  Gram- 
mar, article  1890).  Our  conclusion  is  not  in  accord  with  this 
view.  While  the  giving  of  the  law  did  carry  with  it  the  most 
solemn  obligations  for  fulfillment,  this  is  not  shown  necessarily 
by  the  particular  form  in  which  the  thought  is  cast,  but  rather 
by  the  fact  that  the  law  was  given  in  the  manner  of  a  covenant 
of  which  Jehovah  himself  was  one  of  the  two  parties.  So  that 
the  law  was  a  setting  forth  of  man's  part  in  the  agreement, 
treaty,  or  covenant.  Jehovah's  part  is  stated  clearly  in  the 
first  chapter  of  Joshua  and  elsewhere. 

This  view  places  such  expressions  on  the  same  footing  as 
the  future  in  treaties.  (See  passage  from  Livy,  Ex.  783).  So 
here  we  have  at  elast  one  instance  when  the  command  was 
given  with  the  certain  knowledge  on  the  part  of  all-knowing 
Jehovah  that  the  command  would  not  be  kept  by  man. 

These  passages  taken  from  the  later  writings  serve  only  to 
strengthen  one's  belief  that  the  only  difference  in  the  two  con- 
structions lies  in  the  change  of  time  (or  scene  of  action),  and 
the  greater  amount  of  feeling  present  when  the  imperative  is 
used.  There  are  hundreds  of  passages  which  make  this  per- 
fectly clear.  The  few  examples  here  presented  call  for  little 
explanation. 

Tn  example  743  we  have  the  Latin  for  Is.  6,  9.  Sometimes 
the  words  are  quoted  "vade.et  die,"  sometimes,  "vade  et  dices/' 

Tn  793  to  805,  we  have  the  ten  commandments  written  with 
the  future  indicative  as  would  naturally  be  expected.  One  of 
these,  however,  has  the  imperative  "honora,"  and  another, 
"memento."  It  is  not  entirely  clear  just  why  this  form, 
"honora,"  is  used;  but  a  possible  explanation  lies  in  the  fact 
that  while  none  of  the  other  commandments  called  to  the 
writer's  mind  a  specific  application,  this  one  does;  and  that,  in 
a  situation  where  feeling  would  be  likely  to  be  aroused.  To 
illustrate,  "Thou  shalt  not  kill"  does  not  bring  with  it  the 
thought  of  the  death  of  any  particular  person.  "Thou  shalt  not 
steal"  that  of  any  particular  person  being  wronged  by  the  theft.. 


The  University  of  Oklahoma 


21 


When  one  says  "Honor  thy  father  and  thy  mother,"  a  particu- 
lar person  is  before  the  mind  of  the  speaker  and  that  very  per- 
son who  would  be  most  likely  to  arouse  feeling. 

The  explanation  for  "memento"  is  easier.  This  work  is 
clearly  intended  for  the  will  rather  than  for  the  intellect.  It 
does  not  add  anything  to  the  information  of  the  one  who  re- 
ceives the  comamnd;  it  merely  serves  as  an  exhortation. 

In  summing  up  the  evidence  presented,  the  following  de- 
ductions seem  to  be  warranted.  In  the  first  place  this  con- 
struction developed  in  two  or  three  situations,  differing  con- 
siderably from  one  another  but  alike,  in  that  there  was  present 
in  them  the  imperative  idea  expressed  by  a  statement  which 
was  more  or  less  of  the  declarative  form.  The  tendency  of  the 
future  was  to  become  more  and  more  independent  of  the  situa- 
tion for  its  meaning.  There  are  very  few  instances  however  of 
its  complete  independence.  On  the  other  hand,  the  present  im- 
perative is  very  often  found  in  all  these  situations  to  which  the 
future  is  limited. 

In  the  second  place  it  will  not  do  to  say  that  the  future  ex- 
presses a  milder  command,  nor  one  where  there  exists  in  the 
mind  of  the  speaker  a  greater  certainty  of  fulfillment.  It  is 
equally  misleading  to  say  that  the  two  forms  convey  exactly 
the  same  meaning.  What  we  should  say  is  that,  under  certain 
circumstances,  the  two  forms  may  convey  the  same  meaning, 
but  that  where  a  distinction  in  time  or  emotional  content  is  to 
be  made,  the  imperative  (referring  to  both  present  and  future 
time)  suggests  more  feeling  and  the  future  refers  to  future 
time  only. 

Tn  the  Romance  languages  (French,  Spanish  and  Italian), 
as  might  be  expected,  we  find  very  clear  traces  of  this  use  of 
the  future.    See  the  following  references: 

Aycr,  Gram.  Comparec  (1885)  203,  2a  "con sell,  souhait  oi 
aussi  suivant  les  circonstances  un  ordrc  energique."  He  gives 
two  examples:  "Vous  voudrez  bien  nr  excuscr"  and  "Dieu  en 
vain  tu  no  iurcras." 

Bevier's  French  Grammar  art.  226  "Colloquially  as  a  confi- 
dent prediction,  it  often  has  the  force  of  an  imperative." 

Frazier  and  Square,  Fr.  Gram.  "Common  in  official  style 
(Edicts,  etc.)." 

Darmestetter  Gram'.  Historique  art.  441.  "Limperatif  est 
enfin  rcmplace  par  le  futur  pour  marquer  le  commandement 
absolu  'Vendredi  chair  ne  mangeras'." 


22  University  of  Oklahoma 

Mactzncr,  Franz.  Gram.  art.  96  p.  316  ''Dies  Futur  erscheifVt 
als  ausdruck  einer  Bitte,  Ermanung,  oder  eincs  Befehles,  wenn 
der  Rcdcndc  das,  was  geschehen  soil,  zu  vcrsichtlich  als  da?, 
was  geschehen  wird  ausspricht,  besonders  haufig  in  der 
umgangssprache." 

Wigger,  Span.  Gram.,  art.  663  states  that  it  is  used  in  Laws 
equivalent  to  German  verbs  with  the  auxiliary  sollen  and  illus- 
trates further  with  this  sentence  "no  diras  de  esto  nada  a  nadie" 
Cerv.  D.  Q.  2,  36. 

Manning,  Practical  Spanish  Grammar  (art.  233)  says  that 
"the  future  expresses  a  mild  command."'  He  cites  the  sentence 
found  above  "no  diras." 

In  connection  with  the  Romance  languages  it  may  be  worth 
while  to  observe  that  the  future  has  etymologically  the  same 
formation  in  each  language.  The  English  and  the  German  also 
have  practically  the  same  thing.  The  French,  Italian  and  Span- 
ish form  their  futures  (apparently)  by  adding  the  verb  mean- 
ing "to  have"  to  the  infinitive.  In  German  the  verb  sollen  (and 
in  English  the  verb  shall)  goes  back  to  one  meaning  "owe." 
Thus  the  meaning  (etymologically)  becomes  in  each  case  L 
have  to  do,  you  have  to  do,  etc.  Now  if  we  glance  at  those  fu- 
tures in  the  examples  classified  inthe  general  division  B  we 
shall  see  that  we  have  a  parallel  case.  The  underlying  idea  is 
one  of  obligation.  This  same  tendency  is  to  be  observed  in  the 
use  and  meaning  of  the  gerundive.  In  works  setting  forth  di- 
rections of  a  general  nature  it  is  very  commonly  used  side  by 
side  with  the  future  indicative. 

When  once  a  form  has  been  thus  developed  the  original 
(etymological)  force  is  no  longer  felt  but  the  psychological 
tendency  remains  which  may  give  rise  to  a  second  similar  pro- 
cess. T  shall  go'  means  (etymologically)  T  have  to  go.'  But 
in  addition  to  this  we  have  the  expressions  'I  have  to  go'  or  'I 
must  go.'  The  same  thing  more  than  likely  happened  in  Latin 
and  the  Romance  Languages. 


THE  EXAMPLES. 

A.  Sentences  in  which  the  act  is  to  be  performed 
under  certain  circumstances. 

i.  Sentences  in  which  some  condition  is  either 
expressed  or  implied. 

(a)  Protasis  with  verb  whose  meaning  suggests 
imperative. 


Si  sapitis,  uxor,  vos  tamen 


cenabitis  PI. 

Cas. 

780 

1 

Malo,  si  sapis,  cavebis 

Cas. 

838 

2 

Ergo,  si  sapis,  mussitabis 

Mil. 

476 

3 

Tuam  rem  ages,  si  sapis 

Poen. 

675 

4 

Tu  temperabis,  si  sapis 

Poen. 

1036 

5 

Malocavebis,  si  sapis  : 

6 

Virum  observare  desines 

Men. 

121 

7 

Non  me  appellabis,  si  sapis 

Most. 

515 

8 

Leon.  Si  tibi  percussero  Mox 

caveto  ne 

Lib.    Cavebis  ne  me  attingas,  si 

sapis 

Asin. 

373 

9 

Si  sapis,  reddes  (gallum). 

Aul. 

402 

10 

Si  consilium  vis,  permittes  .  .  . 

ex- 

pendere                                 Juvenal  10 

347 

1 1 

Sec  also  148,  94,  119,  63 

Non  dabis,  si  sapies  Bacch.  1002  12 

Si  sapies,  tacebis  Rud.  1391  13 

Cautim  et  paulatim  dabis  si  sapies 

Heaut.  870  14 
Seneca,  De  Ben.  2,  4,  3  15 
Pliny,  Panegyr  28  17 
18 

(b)  Protasis  with  verb  not  suggesting  an  imper- 
ative. 

'Quare,  si  haec  ita  sunt,  sic  me  colitote/  in- 
quit,  ut  deum  .  .  sin  una  est  interiturus  animus 


24  University  of  Oklahoma 

cum  corpore,  vos  tamen,  deos  verentes,  qui 
banc  omnem  pulchritudinem  tueutur  et  regunt, 
memoriam  nostri  pie  inviolateque  servabitis.' 

Cic.  De  Ben     23  (81)  19 

Catullus    68,  31  20 

Vergis,  Georgics  1,  167  21 

Mart.  5,  56,  7  22 

PI.  Mil.  571  23 
Si  quid  ingenui  sanguinis  habes,  non  pluris 
illam  faeies  quam  scortum  .  .  . 

Petron.  Satur.  113  24 
...  si  vir  fueris  non  ibis  ad  spintriam, 

Petron.  Satur.  113  25 
Est  id  quidem  rectius,  sed  post  requires,  si 

quid  fuerit  obscurius,                  Cic.  T.  D.  4,  10  26 

Martial     3,  4,  2  27 

Martial  1,  113,  3  28 

3<  5,  9  29 

7,  26,  4  31 

10,  92,  14,  15  32 

12,  2,  9  33 

13,  6,  2  34 
Horace,  Sat.  2,  4,  17-19  35 

Horace,  Sat.    1,  4,  103  36 

Horace,  Epist.  I,  17,  12  37 
Ig'nosces  igitur,  si  quid  tibi  triste  libelli 

Attulerint  nostri :            Propertius       1,11,19  3& 

Propertius         1,  6,  35  39 

Si  volet  arma,  levi  temptabis  ludere  dextra :  40 
Ssepe  dabis  nudum,  vincat  ut  ille  latus. 

Tibull  1,  4,  51  41 
42 

43 

Horace  Epist.     I,  7,  25  44 
Si  quid  forte  obvenerit  commodi,  inter 

accessiones  numerabis         Sen.  De  Ben.  4,  1,  3  45 
Sive  erit  in  Tyriis,  Tyrios  laudabis  amictus 


University  of  Oklahoma  25 

sive  erit  in  Cois.  Coa  decere  outa. 

Ovid  Ars.  Am.  2,  297  46 
Ovid,  Rem.  Amor.  641  47 
Heroides  10,  150  48 
49 

Ovid,  Tristia  1,  19  50 
(c)  Implied  Conditions. 
Nosti  si  bene  Caesium,  libelle  .  .  . 
Illi  tu  dabis  haec  vel  occupato     Mart.  7,  97,  1  51 
(Ph)  Ubi  cenabis  ?    (Di)  Ubi  tu  iusseris. 
( Ph)  Hie,  me  lubente  facies.         PI.  True  361  52 
Cic.  Pro  Cluentio  5  (12)  53 
Rebus  angustis  animosus  atque  fortis  appare : 
sapienter  idem  contrahes  vento  nimium  secundo 
turgida  vela,  Hor.  Od.  2,  10,  21  54 

C.  S.  E.  L.  34  Epis.  108  55 
Merses  profundo  :  pulchrior  evenit ;  luctere  : 
multa  proruet  .  .  .  Hor.  Odes  4,  4,  65  56 

2.    (a)  Letters. 
Mancupio  neque  promittes,  neque — 
quisquam  dabit.  PL  Persa  525  57 

Facies  enim  me  certiorem.  Cic.  Ad  Att.  6,  1,  7  58 
Quam  id  rectum  sit,  tu  iudicabis  6,  I,  7  59 

Tu,  si  tibi  placuerit  liber, 
curabis  ut.  Ad  Att.    2,    1,  2  60 

Igitur  senatus  consultum  si 
erit  factum,  scribes  ad  me ;  si  minus  rem 

61 

tamen  confides  Ad  Att.    5,    4,  2  62 

Sin  haec  leviora  sunt,  tu  in- 
dicabis  Ad  Att.    5,    8,  3  63 

Summa  erit  haec :  statues, 
ut  ex  fide,  fama  reque  mea 

videbitur  Ad  Att.    5,    8,  3  64 

De  aqua,  si  curae  est,  si 
quid  Philippus  aget,  animad- 


^6  The  University  of  Oklahoma 

vertes  Ad  Att.    5,  13,  3  65 

Tu  tamen  videbis,  si  erit, 

quod  nolim — arcessendus        Ad  Att.    8,  18,  3  66 

Tu,  si  tibi  videbitur,  dabis 

operam  Ad  Att.    8,    6,  2  67 

Si  vera  sunt,  ignosces ;  si  68 
falsa,  me  libente  eripete  mihi 

hunc  errorem  ;  quoquo  modo  69 
vero  se  res  habebit  nihil 

assignatis,  Ad  Att.  10,    4,  6  70 

Id  tu,  si  ille  aliter  acceperit 

ac  debuit,  lenies  Ad  Att.  10,  11,  5  71 

Scribes  igitur  ac,  si  quid 

Ad  Att.  6,    9,    5  184 

ad  spem  poteris,  ne  dimiseris  Ad  Att.  10,  13,  1 

Haec    etiam,    si  videbitur, 
cum     Terentia    loquere  tu 

opportune  Ad  Att.  11,  25,  3  73 

74 
75 

Ad  Att.  12,   ,i,i  76 

Ad  Att.  12,  27,  2  77 

Ad  Att.  12,  27,  2  78 

Ad  Att.  12,  37,  4  79 

Ad  Att.  12,  38,  2  80 

Ad  Att.  12,  41,  3  81 

Ad  Att.  12,  41,  4  82 

Ad  Att.  12,  28,  1  83 

Ad  Att  12,  28,  1  84 

Ad  Att.  \2,  29,  1  85 

Ad  Att.  12,  31,  1  86 

Ad  Att.  13,    4,  2  87 

Ad  Att.  13,  11,  2  89 

1  Ad  Att.  13,  10,  3  90 

Ad  Att.  13,  14,  1  91 
92 


University  of  Oklahoma 


27 


Ad  Att.  12,  43,  2  93 
94 

Ad  Att.  13,  2,  1  95 
Ad  Att.  13,  37,  3  96 


Ad  Att.  13,  50 

,  2 

97 

Ad  Att.  14,  1 

,  2 

98 

Ad  Att.  13,  31,  4 

99 

Ad  Att.  13,  32, 

3 

100 

Ad  Att.  13,  14, 

2 

101 

Ad  Att.  15,  15,  4 

102 

Ad  Att.  15,  18, 

2 

103 

Ad  Att.  15,  19, 

2 

104 

I05 

Ad  Att.  15,  21, 

2 

Ad  Att.  16,  2, 

2 

106 

Ad  Att.  13,  14, 

2 

107 

Ad  Att.  13,  21, 

3 

108 

Ad  Att.  14,  13, 

4 

TOO 

Ad  Att.  14,  1313,5 

110 

Ad  Att 

III 

112 

Ad  Att.  15,  4, 

5 

113 

Ad  Att.  16,  16, 

2 

114 

Ad  Quint.  I,  3, 

5 

US 

Ad  Fam.  3,  6, 

6 

in 

1 1 A 

Ad  Att.    7,  2, 

3 

D 

Il6 

Ad  Fam.  11,  11, 

2 

117 

Il8 

Ad  Fam.  12,  21, 

1 

II9 

I20 

Ad  Fam.  7,  23, 

4 

121 

« 

122 

Ad  Quin.   3,  8, 

1 

123 

Ad  Fam.  16,  22, 

2 

124 

University  of  Oklahoma 

Ad  Fam.  16,  22,  1  125 

Ad  Fam.  14,   7,  3  126 

Ad  Fam.  14,  8,  1  127 

Ad  Fam.   5,  19,  2  128 

Ad  Fam.   2,  18,  3  129 
130 

Ad  Fam.  14,   5,  2  131 

Ad  Fam.   2,  16,  132 

Ad  Fam.  5,  10a.  3  133 

Ad  Fam.   7,  20,  1  134 
135 

Ad  Fam.   7,  20,  1  136 

137 
138 

Ad  Fam.   9,   9,  1  139 
Ad  Fam.  13,  29,  7  140 
Ad  Fam.   9,   3,  2  141 
142 

Ad  Fam.  15,  17,  2  143 
Ad  Fam.  13,  16,  4  144 
Ad  Fam.  12,  19,  3  145 
Ad  Fam.  15,  20,  3  146 
Ad  Fam.  12,  21,  1  147 
Ad  Fam.  12,  21,  1  148 
Ad  Fam.  14,  18,  2  149 
Ad  Att.  2,  7,  4  150 
Ad  Att.  2,  16,  4  151 
Ad  Att.  2,  18,  3  152 
Ad  Att.  2,  19,  4  153 
Ad  Att.  3,  15,  4  154 
Ad  Att.  3,  25,  1  155 
Ad  Att.  4,  7,  2  156 
Ad  Att.  4,  7,  3  157 
158 
159 
160 


[University  of  Oklahoma  29 


Ad  Att. 

4, 

7,  3 

161 

Ad  Att. 

4, 

II,  2 

162 

Ad  Att. 

4, 

12, 

163 

164 

Ad  Att. 

5, 

2,  3 

Ad  Att. 

5, 

165 

Ad  Att. 

5, 

4,  4 

166 

Ad  Att. 

5, 

6,  2 

167 

Ad  Att. 

5, 

12,  3 

168 

Ad  Att. 

5, 

14,  i 

169 

Ad  Att. 

5, 

170 

Ad  Att. 

6, 

I,  10 

171 

Ad  Att. 

6, 

i,  26 

172 

Ad  Att. 

6, 

1,  26 

173 

174 

175 

Ad  Att. 

6, 

2,  10 

176 

177 

Ad  Att. 

6, 

3,  2 

178 

Ad  Att. 

6, 

4,  2 

179 

Ad  Att. 

6, 

4.  3 

180 

Ad  Att. 

6, 

5,  4 

181 

182 

Ad  Att. 

6, 

8,  5 

183 

i»5 

Ad  Att. 

7, 

1,  7 

Ad  Att. 

7, 

2,  7 

186 

Ad  Att. 

7, 

2,  8 

187 

Ad  Att. 

7* 

9>  2 

188 

Ad  Att 

•  7, 

13,  3 

189 

Sed  de  hoc  tu  videbis 
quippecum  .  .  . 

Loquacitati  ignosces,  quae 
et  me  levat  Ad  Att.    7,  13,  4  190 

Ad  Att.    7,  20,  2  191 
Ad  Att.    7,  22,  2  192 
>  Ad  Att.    8,  15,  1  193 


The  University  of  Oklahoma 

Ad 

Att. 

9, 

6A, 

1 

194 

Ad 

Att. 

9* 

6A, 

1 

195 

Ad 

Att. 

9, 

3, 

1 

196 

Ad 

Att. 

9, 

15, 

4 

197 

Ad 

Att. 

10, 

2, 

2 

198 

Ad 

Att. 

7, 

11, 

4 

199 

Ad 

Att. 

8, 

12, 

6 

200 

Ad 

Att. 

10, 

7, 

3 

201 

Ad 

Att. 

1 1, 

4, 

1 

202 

Ad 

Att. 

ii, 

7, 

5 

203 

Ad 

Att. 

ii, 

12, 

2 

204 

Ad 

Att. 

ii, 

13, 

4 

205 

206 

Ad 

Att. 

ii, 

21, 

1 

Ad 

Att. 

ii, 

22, 

2 

207 

Ad 

Att. 

12, 

5, 

3 

208 

Ad 

Att. 

12, 

6, 

1 

209 

Ad 

Att. 

12, 

14, 

2 

210 

Ad 

Att. 

12, 

15, 

211 

Ad 

Att. 

12, 

15, 

1 

212 

Ad 

Att. 

12, 

17, 

1 

213 

Ad 

Att. 

12, 

18 

2 

214 

Ad 

Att. 

12, 

18,  3 

215 

Ad  Att. 

12, 

1 8a,  2 

216 

Ad  Att. 

12, 

22, 

2 

217 

Ad 

Att. 

12, 

24, 

3 

218 

Ad 

Att. 

12, 

24,  3 

219 

Ad 

Att. 

12, 

25, 

1 

220 

Ad 

Att. 

12, 

25, 

1 

221 

Ad  Att. 

12, 

27, 

2 

222 

Ad  Att. 

12, 

32, 

1 

223 

Ad 

Att. 

12, 

33, 

1 

224 

Ad  Att. 

12, 

37,  3 

225 

Ad 

Att. 

12, 

4i, 

1 

226 

227 

Ad 

Att. 

12, 

41, 

2 

228 

University  of  Oklahoma 


31 


Ad  Att. 

12, 

4i, 

3 

229 

Ad  Att. 

12, 

5°, 

1 

230 

Ad  Att. 

13, 

7, 

1 

231 

Ad  Att. 

10, 

3 

232 

Ad  Att. 

10, 

3 

%JkJ 

Ad  Att. 

13, 

13, 

1 

234 

Add  Att. 

12, 

43, 

2 

235 

Ad  Att. 

12, 

5i, 

2 

236 

Ad  Att. 

12, 

5i, 

2 

237 

Ad  Att. 

2, 

1 

238 

Ad  Att. 

13, 

3, 

1 

239 

Ad  Att. 

13, 

6, 

3 

240 

Ad  Att. 

13, 

33, 

2 

241 

Ad  Att. 

13, 

33, 

2 

242 

Ad  Att. 

13, 

33, 

4 

243 

Ad  Att. 

13, 

34, 

1 

244 

Ad  Att. 

13, 

37< 

4 

245 

Ad  Att. 

13, 

38, 

1 

246 

Ad  Att. 

13, 

42, 

2 

247 
248 

Ad  Att. 

13, 

38, 

249 

Ad  Att.  13,  47b, 

2 

250 

251 

Ad  Att. 

14, 

7, 

2 

252 

Ad  Att. 

14. 

8,  1 

253 
254 

Ad  Att. 

ifr 

24, 

1 

255 

Ad  Att. 

13, 

25, 

1 

256 

Ad  Att. 

13,  26, 

1 

257 

Ad  Att. 

13, 

26, 

2 

258 

Ad  Att. 

13, 

33, 

2 

259 

Ad  Att. 

15,  18, 

2 

260 

Ad  Att. 

15, 

2 

26l 

Ad  Att. 

15,  21,  2 

262 

Ad  Att. 

21, 

3 

263 

Ad  Att.  15,  26,  4 

264 

32 


The  University  of  Oklahoma 


Ad  Att.  15,  29,  1  265 

Ad  Att.  16,    2,  6  266 
267 

Ad  Att.  16,    3,  6 

Sed  tu,  dandosne  putes  hos 

libros  Varroni  etiam  atque  etiam 

videbis.                                 Ad  Att.  13.  19,  5  268 

Ad  Att.  13,  21,  3  209 

Ad  Att.  13,  21,  4  270 

Ad  Att.  14,   8,  2  271 

Ad  Att.  14,  14,  1  272 

Ad  Att.  14,  17,  5  273 

Ad  Att.  14,  17,  6  274 

Ad  Att.  14,  19,  6  275 

Ad  Att.  14,  21,  3  276 

Ad  Att.  14,  18,  3  277 

Ad  Att.  15,    3,  1  278 

Ad  Att.  15,    4,  3  279 

Ad  Att.  15,  7,  1  200 
Ad  Att.  15,    9,  1 

Ad  Att.  15,  13,  2  281 

Ad  Att.  15,  13,  5  282 
283 

Ad  Att.  16,    6,  3  284 

Ad  Att.  16,    6,  4  285 

Ad  Att.  16,    6,  4  286 

Ad  Att.  16,  11,  1  287 

Ad  Att.  16,  11,  1  288 

Ad  Att.  16,  13b,  1  289 

Ad  Att.  16,  14,  4  290 

Ad  Att.  16,  15,  3  291 
Quod  facies,  si  tiDi  videoitur  .  .  . 

Ad  Att.  16,    3,  5  292 

'Vdiuvabis  igitur,  mi  Capito ; 

quod  ut  facias,  te  vehementer 

etiam  atque  etiam  rogo   Ad  Att,  16,  i6f  (18)  292a 


University  of  Oklahoma  33 


Ad  Quin.   i,  4,  5 

293 

Ad  Quin.  1,  1,  31 

294 

Ad  Quin.  1,  1,  45 

295 

Ad  Quin.  1,  2,  II 

206 

Ad  Quin.  1,  3,  8 

2Q7 

Ad  Quin.  Fr.  1,  1,  11 

298 

Ad  Fam.  I,  9,  22 

300 

Ad  Quin 

•  2,  12  (14)  3 

'jn  r 

Ad  Quin.  Fr.  2,  12  (14)  3 

^O? 

Ad  Quin.  3,  1,  9 

0  */ 

Ad  Quin.  3,  1,  23 

3°4 

Ad  Fam.'  1,  9,  17 

Ad  Quin.  Fr.  3,  9,  2 

«j 

Ad 

Fam.  16,  5,  1 

307 

Ad 

Fam.  16,  6,  2 

308 

Ad 

Fam.  16,  17,  1 

3°9 

Ad 

Fam.  16,  22,  2 

310 

Ad 

Fam.  16,  24,  1 

3" 

Ad 

Fam.  16,  24,  1 

312 

3T3 

Ad 

Fam.  16,  24,  2 

Ad 

Fam.  11,  2,  1 

314 

Ad 

Fam.  12,  24,  3 

3i5 

Ad 

Fam.  13,  8,  2 

316 

Ad 

Fam.  13,  9,  7 

3T7 

Ad 

Fam.  12,  16,  3 

3i8 

Ad 

Fam.  12,  16,  4 

3i9 

320 

321 

Ad 

Fam.  12,  20,  1 

322 

Ad 

Fam.  1,  7,  6 

323 

Ad 

Fam.  2,  17,  7 

324 

325 

Ad 

Fam.  3,  9,  4 

326 

327 

328 

34  The  University  of  Oklahoma 


Ad  Fam.  7,  20,  2 

329 

Ad  Fam.  8,  3,  3 

330 

Ad  Fam  n,  n, 

331 

332 

Ad  Fam.  11,  29,  3 

333 

Ad  Fam.  9,  3,  2 

334 

Ad  Fam.  9,  22,  5 

335 

336 

Ad  Fam.  10,  27,  2 

337 

Ad  Fam.  4,  10,  2 

338 

Ad  Fam.  4,  13,  4 

339 

340 

Ad  Fam.  5,  12,  10 

341 

342 

Ad  Fam.  13,  29,  7 

343 

344 

Ad  Fam.  14,  13,  1 

345 

346 

Ad  Fam.    5,  13,  5 

347 

Ad  Fam.  14,  14, 

348 

Ad  Fam.  15,  17,  1 

349 

Ad  Fam.  15,  18,  2 

35° 

^1 

OD 

Aa  lHam.  10,   4*  2 

352 

Ad  Fam.  5,  20,  6 

353 

Ad  Fam.  14,  7,  1 

354 

Hor.  Epist.    1,  7>  17 

355 

Krcn  nnct  iinnnm   vrfMiif^Q  *  niin<'* 

i-4 1             UUjL    llwllcllll     V  ClllCj  ,  11LIL1V 

i,  rem  strenuus  auge.                           1,  7,  70 

jjw 

Naturam  expelles  furca, 

tamen  usque  recurret  .  .  .  Hor.  Epist.  1,  10,  24 

357 

Hor.  Epist.  1,  10,  (44,  45) 

358 

359 

Hor.  Epist.    1,  13,  2 

360 

Hor.  Epist,  1,  13,  12 

361 

Hor.  Epist.  1,  13,  10 

362 

University  of  Oklahoma  35 

Sen.  Epist.  2  (16)  4,  7  3°3 
Sen.  Epist.  8,  2  (71)  17  365 

366 

Sen.  Epist  8,  76,  12  367 
Sen.  Epist.  8,  81,  1  368 
Sen.  Epist.  15,  3,  66  370 
Sen.  Epist.  19,  1,  20  371 
Sen.  Epist.  15,  3,  23  371a 
Sen.  Epist.  17,  105,  4  372 
Sen.  Epist.  17,  109,  18  373 

374 

Sen.  Epist.  7,  4,  (66)  24  375 
Stat.  Silv.  (Preface)  1,  1  376 

377 

Stat.  Silv.  3,  5,  no  378 
Stat.  Silv.  4,  (Preface)  379 
Irascor  tibi,  Grype,  sed 
^alebis  ;  Stat.  Silv.  4,  9,  53  380 

Pliny,  (p.  204),  18  (29),  381 

382 

Pliny  Epist.  4,  9,  23  383 
Pliny  Epist.  9,  13,  26  384 
Pliny  Epist.  9,  29,  2  385 
Pliny  Epist.  3,  21,  4  386 
Pliny  Epist.  58,  5,  387 
Valebis,  mea  Agrippina,  et  dabis 
operam  ut,  .  .  Suet.  DeVita  Cees.  4,  8  388 

389 
390 

Pliny  Epist.  6,  20,  20  391 
392 

Pliny  Epist.  9,  25,  3  393 
Pliny  Epist.  26  (n)  2  394 

395 

Pliny  Epist.  78  (82)  3  396 

397 


The  University  of  Oklahoma 

Quid  oporteat  fieri  circa  theatrum 

deliberates  et  constitutes        Pliny  Epist.  40,  1  398 

Pliny  Epist.  41,  5  399 

Pliny  Epist.  55,  (63),  I  400 

401 

C.  S.  E.  L.  Just.  35,  1  402 

Epist-  73,  5.  6 

Cyp.  Ad  Fort  (Preface)  3  C.  S.  E.  L.  3,  1  403 

404 

Misimus  autem  sestertia  centum  milia 
nummorum  .  .  .  quae  vos  ill ic  pro  vestra 
diligentia  dispensabitis 

C.  S.  E.  L.  32,  Cyp.  Ep.  62,  4  405 

C.  S.  E.  L.  35,  2  Epist.  158,  7  406 
Quod  ipsum  tu  etaim  ad  collegas  nostros 
quos  potueris  transmittes  .  .  . 

C.  S.  E.  L.  3,  2  Epist.  25,  407 
Letters  quoted 

Ut  libenter  accipiat,  tu  facies, 

Hist.  Aug.  25,  17,  4  408 
Quae    omnia  .  .  .  prae   tua    sedulitate  con- 

disces                                 Hist.  Aug.  26,  1,  7  409 

Hist.  Aug.  26,  9,  7  410 

Hist.  Aug.  26,  12,  1  411 

Hist.  Aug.  26,  12,  2  412 

Hist.  Aug.  28,  4,  5  413 

Hist.  Aug.  28,  4,  7  414 
415 

Hist.  Aug.  29,  15,  7  416 

Hist.  Aug.  29,  15,  8  417 

Hist.  Aug.  12,  2,  4  418 

Hist.  Aug.  15,  6,  8  419 

Hist.  Aug.  22,  6,  3  420 

Hist.  Aug.  25,  14,  3  421 

Hist.  Aug.  25,  14,  14  422 

Hist.  Aug.  25,  16,  2  423 


The  University  of  Oklahoma  37 

C.  S.  E.  L.  Epis.  6,  i  424 

C.  S.  E.  L.  Epis.  33,  34  425 

Aug.  C.  S.  E.  L.  6,  2  426 

Aug.  C.  S.  E.  L.  8  427 

Aug.  C.  S.  E.  L.  12  428 

Aug.  C.  S.  E.  L.  14,  4  429  ' 

Aug.  C.  S.  E.  L.  24,  6  430 
Igitur  ut  populo  gratum  erit,  ita  facies 

atque  dices  Fronto  1,  8  432 

Fronto  1  ,8  434 

435 
436 

Fronto  2,  2  437 
436 

Fornto  2,  3  438 
Fronto  3,  11  439 
Fronto  3,  20  440 
Fronto  4,  3  442 
Fronto  4,  6  443 
Fronto  5,  44  444 
445 

Fronto  2,  5  446 
Fronto  2,  9  447 
De  Eloq.  I,  1  448 
Semunis    alternea    advocapit    conctos  .  .  . 
Song  of  Arval  Brothers  C.  I.  L.  Vol.  1,  p.  9  449 

45° 
451 
452 
453 

Hor.  Epist.  1,  18,  37  454 
Tu  'ducam'  inquies  :  Ter.  And  388  455 

Sed  tamen  hoc  ipsum  ab  cadem  est  pro- 
fectum  origine,  quod  quern  volumus  domum 
curare  dicimus  "Tu  domi  videbis"  ut  Plautus 
cum  ait :  Intus  para,  cura,  vide  quod  opus  fiat. 

Varro  De  L.  Lat  7,  12  456 


38  The  University  of  Oklahoma 

Hor.  Ars.  Poet.  133  457 
Hor.  Ars.  Poet  134  458 
Hor.  Ars.  Poet  136  459 
460 

Hor.  Ars.  Poet  182  461 

Tu  nihil  invita  dices  faciesve  Minerva. 

Hor.  Ars.  Poet  385  462 
463 

Cum  pollucere  oportebit,  sic  facies, 

Cato,  (p.  81,  2)  or  Sec.  132  464 
Tu  tamen,  ut  soles,  dices  ista  .  .  . 

Cic  T.  D.  4,  10 
Hoc  illi  factum  est  uni,  tenue  hoc  facies  i :  465 
hsec  illei  fecere,  addes  e  ut  pinguius  fiat, 

Lucil.  9,  369  466 
Addes  e,  cum  dare  furei  iusseris. 

Lucilius  9,  367  467 
Si  plura  hsec  feceris  pila,  quae  iacimus,  addes 
e,  "peila"  ut  plenius  fiat.  Lucilius  9,  361  468 

Summis  nitere  opibus,  at  ego  contra  ut 
dissimilis  siem.  Lucilius  26,  630  469 

Hoc  rnissum  facies,  illo  me  utere  libente. 

Lucilius  30,  1059  470 
471 

Me  auctore,  mater,  abstinebis  -.  .  .  Quid 
nisi?  L.  Afranius  129  472 

Alternis  dicetis  :  Vergil,  Eclog  3,  59  473 

Ante  locum  capies  oculis  alteque  inbebis 

Ver.  Georg.  2,  230  474 
In  solido  |puteum  dimitti,  omnemque 

Ver.  Georg.  2,  31  475 
rcpones.    Rursus  humum  .  .  .  a^quabis. 

Ver.  Georg.  2,  32  476 
Ergo  animos  gevomque  notabis  .  .  . 

Ver.  Georg.  3,  100  478 
Ver.  Georg.  3,  154  479 
480 


University  of  Oklahoma  39 

481 

Ver.  Georg.  3,  318-321  482 

483 

Ver.  Georg.  3,  323  484 

485 
486 

487 
488 

Ver.  Georg.  3,  409 

489 
490 
491 

Ver.  Georg.  4,  545  492 

493 
494 

Propertius  2,  13,  27  495 
Propertius  3,  23,  15  496 
Ovid,  Ars.  Am.  1,  366,  497 

498 
499 

Ovid,  Ars.  Am.  1,  503  500 
Ovid,  Ars.  Am.  1,  577 
Cum  volet,  accedes,  cum  te  vitabit, 
abibis.  Ovid,  Ars.  Am.  2,  529  501 

502 

Sed  ut  valeas,  multa  dolenda 
feres.  Ovid,  Rem.  Am.  226  503 

504 

Ovid,  Rem.  Am.  229-30  505 
695  506 
Ovid,  Met.  6,  443  507 
Ovid,  Heroides  7,  171  508 
Ovid,  Amores  1,  4,  49  509 
Ovid,  Amores  2,  2,  37  5T0 
Ovid,  Amores  3,  4,  12  511 
Ovid,  Tristia  3,  7,  1-11  512 


40  The  University  of  Oklahoma 

Ovid,  Met  2,  137  513 
514 

Ovid,  Halieut  85 
Responso  captivi  vatis  "Romane,  aquam 
Albanam  cave  lacu  contineri,  cave  in  mare 
manare  suo  flumine  sinas  emissam  per  agros 
rigabis,  dissipatamque  rivis  extingues  turn  tu  515 
insiste  .  .  . 

Livy  5,  16,  9  516 
'Sed  prius  in  eius  locum  virum  fortem  ac 
strenuum  novum  senatorem  cooptabitis  quam  517 
de  noxio  supplicium  sumatur.'  Livy  23,  3  6 
Observabis  ergo, 

M.  Ceti  Fav.  liber  art  arch  (Vitr)  289  518 

519 

Frigorisis  ergo  .  .  .  facies 
ordinabis, 

M.  Ceti  Fav.  liber  art  arch  (Vitr)  289  520 
Hoc  autem  malum,  .  .  .  hac 
ratione  vitabis  lucerna  .  .  .  demittatur 

M.  Ceti  Fav.  liber  art  arch  (Vitr)  291  521 
M.  Ceti  Fav.  liber  art  arch  (Vitr)  290  522 
M.  Ceti  Fav.  liber  art  arch  (Vitr)  232  523 
M.  Ceti  Fav.  liber  art  arch  (Vitr)  292  524 
M.  Ceti  Fav.  liber  art  arch  (Vitr)  292  525 
M.  Ceti  Fav.  liber  art  arch  (Vitr)  292  526 

527 
528 

M.  Ceti  Fav.  liber  art  arch  (Vitr)  292  529 

530 

M.  Ceti  Fav.  liber  art  arch  (Vitr)  305  531 

532 

M.  Ceti  Fav.  liber  art  arch  (Vitr)  307  533 
M.  Ceti  Fav.  liber  art  arch  (Vitr)  311  534 
M.  Ceti  Fav.  liber  art  arch  (Vitr)  300  535 
M.  Ceti  Fav.  liber  art  arch  (Vitr)  303  536 


The  University  of  Oklahoma  41 

537 
538 

M.  Ceti  Fav.  liber  art  arch  (Vitr)  303  539 

540 

M.  Ceti  Fav.  liber  art  arch  (Vitr)  307  541 

542 

M.  Ceti  Fav.  liber  art  arch  (Vitr)  304  543 

544 

M.  Ceti  Fav.  liber  art  arch  (Vitr)  310  545 
M.  Ceti  Fav.  liber  art  arch  (Vitr)  310  546 
M.  Ceti  Fav.  liber  art  arch  (Vitr)  309  547 
M.  Ceti  Fav.  liber  art  arch  (Vitr)  293  548 
M.  Ceti  Fav.  liber  art  arch  (Vitr)  299  549 
M.  Ceti  Fav.  liber  art  arch  (Vitr)  302    550  to  560 

and 
303 

Non  mentieris,  sed  potius 
excusabis,       Seneca,  De  Form  Hon.  Vit.  5,  5  561 

562 

Ergo  .  .  .  continentiam 
excusabis,        Seneca,  De  Form  Hon.  Vit.  8,  1  563 

564 

Seneca,  De  Form  Hon  Vit.  4,  7  and  8  565 
Seneca  Dial  9  De  Tran  An  9,  2,  4  566 
Seneca  Dial  4  De  Ira  2,  10,  1  567 
Seneca  Dial  4  De  Ira  2,  15,  1  568 

5^9 

Seneca  Epist.  De  Ira  4,  8,  2  570 
Nam  quota  sit  lucis,  si  luce  requiritur,  hora, 

Adspicies  ;  atque  hunc  numerum 
revocabis  .  „  .         Manilius,  Astronom  3,  485  571 

Tunc  si  forte  dies  naseentem  exceperit  alma, 
A  sole  ad  lunam  numerabis  in  ordine  partes  573 
Signorum,  Ortivo  totidem  de  cardine  duces,  574 
.  .  .  hoc  da  fortunae  .  .  junges  tunc  575 
cetera  signis  Athla  suis  .  .  . 


4J 


The  University  of  Oklahoma 


Manilius,  Astronom  3,  187 

576 

577 
578 

579 
580 

Seneca  De  Form  Hon  Vit  4,  11-17  581 

582 
583 
584 

Seneca  Epist.  15,  2  (94),  5 
Seneca  Epist.  15,  2  (94),  50  585 

586 

Seneca  DeBen  5,  1,  5  587 
Si  fuerit  .     .  sic  multiplicabis.  Colum.  5,  2,  3  589 
Sen.  Dial  11,  De  Con.  11,  18,  2  590 
Manil.  Astro.  2,  841  591 
Manil.  Astro  3,  492  592 
Manil.  Astro  3,  498 

593 

Sen  DeForm  Hon.  Vit.  5,  3  594 

595 

Tunc  consilia  tibi  salutaria  advoca  .  .  .  596 
.  .  .  tunc  te  velut  in  lubrico  retinebis  ac  597 
sistes  nec  tibi  dabis  inpetus  liberos  598 
sed  circumspicies  .  .  Sen.  DeForm  Hon  Vit  2,  12  599 
Sen.  DeForm  Hon  Vit.  2,  2  600 
Sen.  DeForm  Hon  Vit.  2,  6  601 
Sen.  DeForm  Hon  Vit.  3,  34  602 

603 
604 

Sen.  DeForm  Hon  Vit.  4,  4  605 

606 

Protinus  hiberno  pecus  omne  movebis  ovili. 

Calpur.  Siculus,  Eclog.  5,  18  607 
Cal.  Siculus  Eclogum  5,  29  and  34  608 


University  of  Oklahoma  43 

609 

Cal.  Siculus  Eclog.  5,  44  610 

611 

Martial  Epig.  70,  3-5  612 
Profisciscere  in  Mediam,  et  ad  prsefectos 
,  .  .  litteras  .  .  .  perfer.    Velocitate  opus  est 
.  .  .  noctu  pervenire  illue  te  volo-postero 
die  .  .  .  exequi  .  .  .  Ad  Parmeniona  quoque 
epistulas  feres  .  .  .  Rufus,  Hist.  7,  2,  15  613 

Protinus  hunc  primse  quaeres  in  limine 
tectse;  614 

Mart.  Epig.  3,  5,  5 

6i5 

Unumquodque  genus  vitium  separatim 
serito;  ita  suo  quodque  tempore  putabis  et 
vindemiaveris.  Colum.  Liber  De  Arbi  3,  2  616 

617 

Colum.  Liber  de  Arbi.  5,  2  618 
Col.  Liber  De  Arbi.  6,  3  619 

620 

Col.  Liber  De  Arbi.  6,  3  621 

622 
623 

Col.  Liber  De  Arbi.  7,  4  624 
Col.  Liber  De  Arbi  7,  5  625 

626 

Col.  Liber  De  Arbi  9,  2  627 

628 

Colum.  Liber  de  Arbi.  16,  3  629 

630 

Observabis  autem  .  .  .  ut  eosdem  decerpas. 

Col.  Liber  De  Arbi.  20,  1  631 
Arborem,  quam  inserere  voles,  serra  .  .  . 
exseeato  .  .  dabisque  operam,  ne  librum,  lsedas. 

Colum.  Liber  De  Arbi.  26,  3  632 
Colum.  Liber  De  Arbi  27,  4  633 


The  University  of  Oklahoma 


Columella,  De  R.  Rus  4,  22,  3  634 
Columella,  De  R.  Rus.  5,  2,  5  635 
Columella,  De  R.  Rus  5,  2,  9  636 
Columella,  De  R.  Rus  3,  3,  4,  5  637-644 
Columella,  De  R.  Rus  3,  7  645 

646 

Columella,  De  R.  Rus  5,  11,  5  647 
Columella,  De  R.  Rus  9,  9,  7  648 

649 

Columella,  De  R.  Rus  9,  15,  4  650 

651 

Columella,  De  R.  Rus  12,  6,  2  652 

653 
654 

Columella,  De  R.  Rus  12,  20,  4  655 
Columella,  De  R.  Rus  12,  22,  3  656 

657 

Columella,  De  R.  Rus  12,  36  658 
Quintilian,  Decl.  246,  (1)  22  659 
Quintilian,  Decl.  246,  (1)  29  660 
Quintilian,  Decl.  288,  (1)  21  663 
Quintilian,  Decl.  315  p.  241  (1)  12  664 
Quintilian,  Decl.  4,  2,  8  665 
Quintilian,  Decl."  321,  p.  258  (1)  18  666 
Avienus,  Aratea  line  1,790  667 
Avienus,  Aratea  line  1,867  668 
Avienus,  Aratea  line  1,876  669 
C.  S.  E.  L.  32Ep.  74,  2  (josh  1,  8)  670 

Fingamus  tyrannum  ita  loqui  Christiano 
"incendes  tuo  jovi"  nihil  addentem  nec 
exigentem  ut  Christum  abneget. 

Cyprian,  De  Duplici  Martyrio  28,  C.  S.  E. 
L.  33  671 
Et  locutus  est  Dominus  ad  Moysen  dicens  :  672 
Accipe  Levitas  de  medio  filiorum  Israel,  et  673 
purificabis  eos  et  ita  facies  .  .  .  circumsparges.  674 


The  University  of  Oklahoma 


45 


C.  S.  E.  L.  32EP.  69,  12  (NUM.  8,  5) 

675 

L.  Apul.  Metamor  6,  18  676 
L.  Apul.  Metamor  10,  26  677 
C.  S.  E.  L.  32  Ep.  69,  4  (Josh.  2,  18)  678 
Fac  tibi  arcam  .  .  .  facies  .  .  .  linies  679 

680 

et  sic  facies  earn  .  .  .  facies  .  .  .  681 

682 

consummabis  .  .  .  pones  .  .  .  facies 

Vulgate,  Gen.  6,  14,  16  683 

684 
685 

Juvencus  1,388  686 
Juvencus  1,557  687 
Juvencus  1,585  688 
Juvencus  1,663  689 
Juvencus  2,23  690 
691 

Juvencus  3,507  692 
Juvencus  3,507  693 
Juvencus  4,569  694 
Vulgata,  Num.  1,  1-3  695 
Vulgate,  Num.  3,  5-9  696 
Vulgata,  Num.  3,  44-48  697 

698 

Vulgata,  Num.  3,  40  699 
Loquere  ad  filios  Israel  .  .  . 
Loquere  ad  filios  Israel  .  .  . 
Loquere  ad  filios  Israel  .  .  . 
Loquere  ad  filios  Israel  .  .  . 
Loquere  ad  filios  Israel  .  .  . 
Loquere  ad  filios  Israel  .  .  . 
Loquere  ad  filios  Israel  .  .  . 
Loquere  ad  filios  Israel  .  . . 

Loquere  ad  filios  Israel 
et  dices  Vulgata,  Num.  5,  12    700  to  708 


46  The  University  of  Oklahoma 

et  dices  Vulgata,  Num.  6,2 

et  dices  Vulgata,  Num.  8,  2 

et  dices  Vulgata,  Num.  15,  2 

et  dices  Vulgata,  Num.  15,  38 

et  dices  Vulgata,  Num.  35,  10 

et  dices  Vulgata,  Lev.  1,  2 

et  dices  Vulgata,  Lev.  18,  2 

et  dices  Vulgata,  Lev.  19,  2 

Locutus  est  Dominus  ad  Moysen  dicens  tolle 

et  purificabis  Vulgata,  Num.  8,  6  709 

Congrega  .  .  .  et  duces  .  .  .  facies 

que  Vulgata,  Num.  11,  16  jiq 

Nole  memerare  neque  pones  sed 
constitute  Vulgata,  Num.  1,  49  712 

Mane  consurge  et  sta  coram  Pharaone, 
et  dices  Vulgata,  Ex.  9,  13  713 

Loquimini  .  .  et  dicite     Vulgata,  Ex.  12,  3 

Loquimini  .  .  .  et  dicite      Vulgata,  Lev.  15,  2 

Praecipe  .  .  .  atque  denuntia  .  .  . 
dicesque  Vulgata,  Num.  26,  30  714 

Praecipe  filiis  .  .  .  tradetisque 

Vulgata,  Num.  19,  2  7T5 

Evadite  in  cacumen :  quod  cum  ceperitis, 
candidis  velis  signum  mihi  dabitis,  .  .  .  ego  .  .  . 
convertam.  Rufus  7,  ti,  ii  715a 

Nunc,  inquit,  mihi  operas  11011  est.  Cum 
erit,  revises  ad  me  atque  disces,  716 
Aul  Gel.  Noc.  Att.  6  (7)  17,  17  717 

Cum  feceris  elemosynam  noli  .  .  .  et  cum 
oratis,  non  eritis  sicut  hypocritae.  718 

C.  S.  E.  L.  32,  4  St.  Ambr.  Exp.  Evang.  Luc. 
1,  18. 

PI.  Tri.  781  718 
Ter.  Adei  226  720 


University  of  Oklahoma  47 

Hor.  Sat.  2,  468  721 

Ubi  sententiam  meam  vobis  peregero,  turn 
quibus  eadem  placebunt  in  dextram  partem 
taciti  transibitis  ;  722 
quae  pars  maior  erit,  eo  stabitur  consilio  nunc, 
quae  mente  agitem,  audite.  Livy  7,  35,  2 

In  Aventinum  ite,  .  .  .  ibi  felici  loco,  ubi  prima 
initia  inchoastis  libertatis  vestrae,  tribunos 
plebi  creabitis  praesto  erit  pontifex  maximus. 

Livy  3,  54,  8  722a 

Yalebis  hospes  opto  ut  sis  felicior. 

Carm.  Lat  Epig*.  63,  7  723 
Petron,  Priapea  86,  15  724 

Rationes  alias  reposcito :  nunc  auctoritate 
.  .  .  contentus  eris  Livy  44,  36  725 

Valebis,  uxor  Mart.  Epig.  2,  92,  3  726 

Ridens  .  .  .  "valebis"  inquit. 

Mart.  Epig.  6,  78,  5  727 

(e)  Change  of  scene  (or  time)  clearly  indicated. 
Tu  miles  apud  me  cenabis  :         PI.  Cure.  728  728 

Ne  temere  facias  :  neque  tu  hand  dices  tibi 
non  praedictum  :  Cave.  Ter.  And.  205  729 

Dum  potes,  aridum  compone  lignum :  eras 
genium  mero  curabis  .  .  .       Hor.  Odes  3,  17,  13  730 

Junoni  fer  rite  .  .  . 
,  .  .  Mihi  victor  honoren  persolves. 

Verg.  Aen.  8,  60,  62  731 

Incipe,  si  qua  animo  virtus,  et  consere  dex- 
tram :  hie  etiam  inventum  Priamo  narrabis 
Achillem.  Verg.  Aen.  9,  742  732 

Nomen  tamen — referes,  telo  cecidisse 
Camillae.  Verg.  Aen.  1 1,  689  733 

Turn  Postumius  "dedite  interea"  inquit 
"profanos  nos,  quos  salva  religione  potestis ; 
dedetis  deinde  et  istos  sacrosanctos,  cum 
primum — "  Livy  9,  9,  1  734 


The  University  of  Oklahoma 


Eos,  quorum  vos  modo  arma  ac  dexterae  tex- 
erunt  patronos  salutabitis,        Livy  22,  29,  11  735 

Si  dimicandum  crit — te  recipito ;  Fugeris 
etiam  honestius  tergumque  civi  dederis  quam 
pugnaveris  contra  patriam,  nunc  ad  pacifican- 
dum  bene  atque  honeste  inter  primos  stabis — 

Livy  7,  40,  13-14  736 

'Nomen  mirantibus  umbris 

Hoc  referes,  sic  et  memori  noscere  sepulchro.' 

Velerius  Flaccus  Argon  4,  313-314  737 
Qui  ssevum  arridens 
Narrabis  Hamilcaris  umbris 
hanc  inquit  dextram. 

Silius  Italicus  Punica  1,  398  738 
Redde  Altessimo  vota  tua,  invoca  me  in  die 
tribulationis  tua?,  et  eripiam  te,  et  glorificabis 
me     C.  S.  E.  L.  3,  Cypr.  Test.  1,  16  (Ps.  49:13)  739 
C.  S.  E.  L.  3,  2  Cypr.  Ep.  67,  4  Num.  20 125  740 
Testim.  3,  15  Gen.  88:1  741 
C.  S.  E.  L.  3,  Test  3,  3,  Matt.  5  :23  742 
Surge,  vade  et — dices  (cf.  Cypr.  Test.  1,  3 
vade  et  die)  C.  S.  E.  L.  7,  2  ,47  Vict.  Vitp.  42,  24  743 
(f)  Futures  with  a  meaning  such  as  to  imply  that 
another  action  must  be  performed  first. 
Sum  paulo  infirmior 

Ignosces,  alias  loquar.  Hor.  Sat.  1,  9,  72  744 

Paupertas,  Veniam  dabis,  recede. 

Mart.  Epig.  4,  77,  3  745 

Ignoscetis  tamen  mihi  si  primum  defensionis 
— potuero —  Quin.  Decl.  321  746 

Haec  ego  de  causa  dico  ipsius  :  permittetis 
mihi  in  summa  parte  causae  uti  etiam  persona 
mea.  Quin.  Decl.  328,  p.  291,  1  4  747 

Permittes  tamen  te  non  laedi  sed  admoneri : 

Sen.  Epist.  8  (Paulus  to  Sen.)  748 

See  also  20,  36,  38,  154,  154-5-6,  190,  *94,  3^2, 


University  of  Oklahoma  49 

314,  318,  347,  349,  659,  666,  471*  515,  5i6. 

Ignosces  :  togulam,  Postume,  pluris  emo. 

Mart.  Epig.  4,  26,  4  749 

Permittetis  tamen  finire  lusum. 

Petron  Satur.  33  750 
Ignoscetis  mihi,  quod  dixero  :  ego  malo — 

Petron.  Sat.  50  751 
3.    Sentences  in  which  the  act  is  to  be  performed 
for  certain  given  reasons. 

(a)  Casual  clauses  introduced  by  cum  or  quippe 
cum. 

(b)  Causal  clauses  introduced  by  quoniam. 

(c)  Reason  or  cause  idea  pointed  out  by  the 
presence  of  a  conjunction  or  adverb  in  the  main 
statement. 

Accipies  igitur  hoc  parvum  opuseulum,..  

et  degustabis   752 

Cic.  Paradoxa  ( Preface)  5  753 
Quare   observabis  quantum   in   ea  regione 
consuetudo  erit  serendi  ut  tantum  facias  : 

Varro  Res.  Rus.  1,  44,  1  754 
Referes  ergo  haec  et  nuntius  ibis  755 
Pelidae  genitori — memento — nunc  morerc. 

Verg.  Aen.  2,547  756 

Ignoscetis  autem  ;  nam  

Cic.  De  Sts.  16,  55  757 
Proin,  viator,  hunc  deum  vere1)eris- — 
habebis.  Petron.  Priapia  85,  16  758 

Decipics  alios  verbis — nam  

Mart.  Epgr.  4,  88,  9  759 
Ergo  cavebis  et  metues  ne  Juvenal  8,  37  760 

761 

Ergo  osculta  teges,  ut   Juvenal  9,  iot  762 

Ovid  Ex  Ponto  2,  2,  128  763 
B.    Sentences  found  in  those  situations  where 
there  is  to  be  observed  an  arrangement  of  some 
kind. 

1.    Assignment  of  tasks. 

Tu  tabellas  consignato,  hie  mihi  ministrabit, 
dum  ego  edam.  PI.  Cure  369  763a 


5° 


The  University  of  Oklahoma 


Tu  hie  eris  dictatrix  nobis.       PI.  Persa  770  764 

T11  Antigene,  et  tu,  Leonnati,  et  tu  Tauron, 
invehemini  in  mediam  aciem  et  urgebitis  765 
frontem.  Rufus  8,  14,  15  766 

"Carebis"  inquit  prsedae  parte,  miles,  ex  eo 
hoste,  cui  prope  praedse  fuisti :  et  tu,  L.  Minuci, 
donee  consularem  animum  incipias  habere,  le- 
gatus  his  legionibus  praeeris."     Livy  3,  29,  2  767 

Dicam  quae  accidant  mihi :  tu  morbo  nomen 
invenies.  Seneca  De  Tranq.  9,  1,  4  768 

See  also  22,  120,  187,  198,  468,  449,  473,  498, 
499,  500,  501,  502,  510,  221,  222,  227;  258,  275, 
285,  303,  304,  306,  310,  381,  424,  425. 

2.    Plan  of  action  (partnership). 

Tu  hie  nos,  dum  eximus,  interea  opperibere  : 

Ter  Haut.  833  769 

Accusabo:  respondebis.  Cic.  in  Verr.  770 

Intenti  ergo  omnes  armatique  signum  ex- 
pectabitis  .  .  .  ego  .  .  .  tranam  cum  signum 
dedero,  indavite  (imperatives  follow). 

Livy  24,  38,  6  771 
Sic  est  locutus  partibus  factis  Leo : 

Ego  primam  tollo,  nominor  quoniam  Leo ; 

Secundaria,  quia  sum  fortis,  tribuetis  mihi 

Turn,  quia  plus  valeo^,  me  sequetur  tertia  ; 

Phsedrus  1,  5,  6  772 

"Afferes  primo  luci  falces  duas ;  imam  ego- 
met  mihi  et  tu  tibi  capies  alteram  .  .  .  et  eras 
metemus.  773 

774 
775-782 

Petron.  Sat.  109 

Livy  37,  45,  *4  7^3 
Cic.  Pro  Tullio  21  (50)  784 
Cic  Pro  A.  Caec  27  (76)  785 
Cyp.  Ep.  13  Cxal  5:14  786 
Testim  3,  30  Dent,  23,  22  787 

Testim  3,  59  Ex  20,  23'  788 

Testim  3,  85  Lev.  19  ;  32  789 

Testim  3,  48  Dent.  23  :  20  790 

C.  S.  E.  L.  3  (p.  429,  22  791 


University  of  Oklahoma  51 

Cyp  Ep.  69  4  Ex  12,  46  792 
Non  dices  ;  honora  patrem — ete  deliges  proxi- 
mum.  Matt.  19,  17 

Principem  plebis  tuse  non  maledices. 

C.  S.  E.  L.  32  Ep.  66,  3,  Acts  23:4 
Non  habebis  Deos  alienos  coram  me. 

Vulgate  Ex.  20,3-17  793 
Non  facies  tibi  sculptile— non  adorabis  794 

795 

neque  coles — non  assumes — memento  ut  diem 
sabbati  sanctifices — operaberis  et  facies — non 
facies —  796 

797 
798 

799 

Honora  patrem  tuum — non  occides  non 

8ot 

mcechaberis  800 
non  furtum  facies  non  loqueris — non 
concupisces —  802 

803 

nec  desiderabis  804 

805 

5.    Stipulation  (compacts). 
"Ut  adeas,  tantum  dabis"  ; 

Cic.  in  Verr.  5,  118  (45)  806 
Quis  quis  es,  amissos  hinc  iam  obliviscere 
Graios  : 

Noster  eris.  Mihi  que  hgec  edissere  .  .  . 

Verg.  Aen.  2,148  807 
"Deciens  mihi  dotis  in  auro  sponsa  dabis"  808 
dixi, — nec  tu  prohibebis — mittes  .  .  ad  cenam  809 
venies — sic  recumbes  .  .  .  oscula  rara  dabis  ...    81  t 
et  non  dabis  .  .  .  nec  quasi  nupta  dabis  ...        81  t 

Mart.  EPig.  11,23  812 
813 
814 

815 

Tu  roster  iam  sponsus  eris  since  fine  dierum 
Dracontius  (Hylas)  2,139  816 

Huic  tu  medium  dabis  Querolus  52,  12  817 


m 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS-URBANA 


3  0112  100619243 


